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高考英语真题和模拟题分类汇编专题15阅读理解社会生活议论类含解析
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这是一份高考英语真题和模拟题分类汇编专题15阅读理解社会生活议论类含解析，共28页。
专题15 阅读理解社会生活、议论类
I、2021年高考真题
（2021·新高考I卷·D篇）
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional （情感的） intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis （重视）on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives （视角） from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
1.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A.It can be measured by an IQ test.
B.It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C.It includes a set of emotional skills.
D.It refers to a person's positive qualities.
2. Why does the author mention "doctor" and "cheater" in paragraph 2?
A.To explain a rule.
B.To clarify a concept.
C.To present a fact.
D.To make a prediction.
3.What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.
4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A.Its appeal to the public.
B.Expectations for future studies.
C.Its practical application.
D.Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】DBAB
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了什么是情商，以及情商普及的优势，同时作者提出了对情商研究是未来期望。
1.细节理解题。根据题干信息misunderstanding定位到第一段：Many people now misunderstand… as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup… 分析可知，大多数人认为情商就是构成人性格中几乎所有可取的部分，而后跟的句子such as character, motivation, confidence… 则是作者在列举一些情商中具体的优良品质。选项D：它指的是一个人的优良品质，是该句的同义替换。故选D。
2.推理判断题。根据题干信息的paragraph 2，定位到第二段We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as…；分析可知，我们更喜欢把情商称作是一套特定的技能，它既可以用于好的目的，也可以用于坏的目的。而后作者便分别列举了doctor和cheater用于解释说明 "好目的" 和 "坏目的" 。由此我们可以推测，作者提及doctor和cheater是为了阐明前句所提到的关于情商的概念。故选B。
3.推理判断题。根据题干信息popularization of emotional intelligence定位到第三段：Although popular beliefs regarding… the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. 分析可知，虽然大众对于情商的普遍认知远远超过了目前研究可以支持的观点，但是宣传的总体效果（对于情商的发展研究） 是利大于弊的。而后作者便进一步列举了好处体现在哪些方面（the most positive aspect of this popularization…）。可知，作者对此态度是正向的、支持的。故选A。
4.主旨大意题。根据题干信息last paragraph定位到最后一段It is our hope that… advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence… may serve to point us in the right direction. 分析可知，我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供一个新的视角。而情商也许会给我们指明一个正确的方向。因此可以得知，最后一段作者是在提出对于未来研究的期待和方向。B项中的Expectations for future studies.符合题意。故选B。
（2021·浙江卷·B篇）
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference, " David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
1.What is the problem with the author's children?
A.They often annoy the neighbours.
B.They are tired of doing their homework.
C.They have no friends to play with.
D.They stay in front of sereens for too long.
2.How did David Bond advocate his idea?
A.By making a documentary film.
B.By organizing outdoor activities.
C.By advertising in London media.
D.By creating a network of friends.
3.Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2?
A.records B.predicts C.delays D.confirms
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Let Children Have Fun
B.Young Children Need More Free Time
C.Market Nature to Children
D.David Bond: A Role Model for Children
【答案】DAAC
【解析】本文作者以自己的孩子为例存在着长时间盯着电子屏幕的问题，从而引出了电影导演 David Bond怎样激励自己的孩子们养成户外活动、锻炼身体的习惯的做法。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段第三句 "However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours." 可知，作者的孩子们放学之后只想看电子屏幕，并盯着看好几个小时，故选D。
2.细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句“He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.“可知，作者记录了自己的旅程，并制作成电影，故选A。
3.词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句话句意”结果是 Project Wild Thing，一部描绘了 Wild Network 诞生的电影，Wild Network 是一组以让孩子们融入大自然为共同目标的组织。“可知，本句主要阐述作者拍摄的纪录片Project Wild Thing记录下了组织Wild Network的诞生，因此record（记录、记载）与所猜词汇最为接近，故选A。
4.主旨大意题。文章首段阐述现状，即孩子们花太多时间在电子屏幕上，紧接着提到了作者为呼吁孩子们走进大自然拍摄了纪录片，希望孩子们能多花些时间在户外运动上。因此本篇文章主要内容为：向孩子们 "推销" 自然，故选C。
（2021·3月天津卷·B篇）
About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard（蜥蜴）was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.
I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the months.
The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special.
"Let's make a cake for Dad!" I cried.
My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table!
Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.
Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary（纪录片）series The Last Dance.
The poignancy（酸楚）of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.
Humans do not shed skin（蜕皮）as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.
Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.
1.What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1?
A.Its tank grew dirty.
B.Its old skin came off.
C.It got a skin disease.
D.It went missing.
2.Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday?
A.The birthday cake was ruined.
B.The author made good puddings.
C.Pudding was his favorite dessert.
D.They couldn't afford a birthday cake.
3.Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage?
A.To prove a theory.
B.To define a concept.
C.To develop the theme.
D.To provide the background.
4.The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as .
A.letting go of the past
B.looking for a new job
C.getting rid of a bad habit
D.giving up an opportunity
5.What does the author most likely want to tell us?
A.Love of family helps us survive great hardships.
B.It's not the end of the world if we break things.
C.We should move on no matter what happens.
D.Past experiences should be treasured.
【答案】BACAC
【解析】文章大意：这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直到作者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了Michael Jordan的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句 "I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.（第二天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤蜕了下来）" 可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选：B。
2.细节理解题。根据第六段 "Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf…My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.（就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香蕉布丁）" 可知，作者的丈夫过生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选：A。
3.推理判断题。根据倒数第三段 "The poignancy（酸楚）of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. …Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. …Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.（Jordan从心爱的篮球退役，转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的决定，让我感到惊讶。当我看着他脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，我看到他脱下了那层不再适合他的衣服，就像我们的蜥蜴一样。他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后）" 以及最后一段 "Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.（ Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点）" 可推知，作者在文章中提到The Last Dance是为了展开文章关于放手过去，重新开始的主题。故选：C。
4.词义猜测题。根据画线词后文 "Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them…Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.（他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后）" 可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，意识到看到他放开了过去，把过去抛在脑后了。即画线词意思是 "放开过去"。故选：A。
5.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段 "Humans do not shed skin（蜕皮）as easily as other animals…I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.（人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始令人不安。这个过程很累人。伤害在我们准备好之前就改变了我们。我看到了我们生嫩的、几乎是全新的蜥蜴）" 以及最后一段 "Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.（Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点）" 可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们无论发生什么，我们都应该继续前进。故选：C。
（2021·3月天津卷·D篇）
There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排除）of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise（专长）. The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
1.To become a specialist, one may have to .
A.narrow his range of knowledge
B.avoid responsibilities at work
C.know more about the society
D.broaden his perspective on life
2.The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to .
A.treasure their freedom
B.travel around the world
C.spend most time working
D.enjoy meeting funny people
3.According to the author, a superior doctor is one who .
A.is fully aware of his talent and ability
B.is a pure specialist in medicine
C.should love poetry and philosophy
D.brings knowledge of other fields to work
4.What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?
A.Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B.In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C.Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D.Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B.Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C.Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D.Ways to Become a Generalist
【答案】ACDDA
【解析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。
1.推理判断题。根据文章第二段第二、三句 "This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. （成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。）" 可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段中提到 "Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty…These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, …(有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。…..这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)" 可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。
3.细节理解题。根据文章第四段最后一句 "The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.（这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。）" 可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。
4.推理判断题。根据文章第五段第一、二句 "Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. （事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）" 以及下文举出Toni的例子"My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.（我的编辑Toni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。)"可以推断，作者想通过Toni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。
5.最佳标题题。文章第一段第一句提出观点 "There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. （作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才）" 。根据文章第二段第三句 "The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less." 可知，成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深。根据文章第四段第一句 "Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections." 可知，当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。根据上述内容可知，作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为 "Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）" 。故选A。
II、2021年高考模拟试题
（2021·天津十二区县联考2·阅读理解D篇）
The playing field is never even or equal. Your skills and attitude play a major role in the outcome. Knowing what you can do to have an advantage can make the difference between success and failure.
My kids tell me it's unfair to play with the big children. I tell them that's right. Unfairness is a good thing. There is more to be gained by the effort when things seem unfair. It is true that many things in the world are unfair. But unfair things usually can be a boon to you. For example, the early bird catches the worm. It is unfair that the bird that sleeps in misses out on breakfast but it is nice to know that if it gets up early it is sure to get the worm.
I always try to explain to my kids that complaining about how unfair something is will get them nowhere. Instead, make the most out of it and get on the other side of it. Once you do that you are in the advantage. Above all, you have to focus on gaining that unfair advantage and in order to do that, build your inner strength, When you empower （武装） yourself, you are gaining skills or abilities, confidence and self-esteem （自尊）.
You should look at your place in the world. Where do you want io be financially, spiritually, emotionally, and physically ? You are creating your own story when you empower yourself.
You can build all the advantages that you need to live the life that you want. If you haven't yet, you need to make a list of all the things you want to experience in your new life. This will help you focus on building advantages so that you never have to say that it's Not Fair. When you do this then you will be able to realize that unfairness is a good thing and you will want to teach those around you to see unfairness in this way too.
1. What docs the underlined word "boon" in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Something that is very terrible. B. Something that is very helpful
C. Something that is very kind D. Something that is very scared
2. What can we infer from the example of the playing field used by the author?
A. The author wants to introduce his topic
B. The author wants to support his opinion
C. He wants tell us that having an advantage is needed
D. He wants to show skills and attitudes are important in playing games
3. What is the best way to deal with unfairness according to the author?
A. Just accept it. B. Thy to change it.
C. Simply ignore it. D. Make good use of it.
4. You are told to look at your place in the world in order to ________.
A. make yourself better B. be proud of yourself
C. have more confidence D. know others' advantages
5. What is the text mainly about?
A. The way to live a happy life. B. The right attitude to unfairness.
C. Being patient enough to succeed. D. Staying calm when treated badly.
【答案】BADAB
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。主要讲述对待不公平的正确态度。
1.词句猜测题。由文章第二段中的转折词“But”可知，划线词应是褒义的，再结合下文“For example, the early bird catches the worm.（例如，早起的鸟儿有虫吃）”，说明划线词应是指“有帮助的”意思。故选B项。
2.推理判断题。由文章第一段“The playing field is never even or equal. Your skills and attitude play a major role in the outcome. Knowing what you can do to have an advantage can make the difference between success and failure.（竞技场从来就不是平等的。你的技能和态度对结果起着重要作用。知道你可以做什么来获得优势可以决定成功和失败）”可知，文章首段的目的应是引出话题。故选A项。
3.细节理解题。由文章第三段“I always try to explain to my kids that complaining about how unfair something is will get them nowhere. Instead, make the most out of it and get on the other side of it. Once you do that you are in the advantage.（我总是试图向我的孩子们解释，抱怨某件事是多么的不公平，对他们没有任何好处。相反，你应该充分利用它，站在它的另一面（考虑）。一旦你这样做了，你就处于优势了）”可知，在作者看来充分利用不公平是对待不公平本身最好的方法。故选D项。
4.推理判断题。由文章第四段“You should look at your place in the world. Where do you want io be financially, spiritually, emotionally, and physically ? You are creating your own story when you empower yourself.（你应该看看你在世界上的位置。你想在经济上、精神上、情感上和身体上处于什么位置？当你赋予自己力量时，你正在创造自己的故事）”以及第五段“You can build all the advantages that you need to live the life that you want.（你可以建立所有你需要的优势，过上你想要的生活）”可知，看清你在这个世界上的位置是为了让你变得更好。故选A项。
5.主旨大意题。由文章第五段“When you do this then you will be able to realize that unfairness is a good thing and you will want to teach those around you to see unfairness in this way too.（当你这样做的时候，你就会意识到不公平是一件好事，你也会想要教会你周围的人以这种方式看待不公平）” 结合文章主要围绕对待不公的正确态度展开可知，B项表述正确。故选B项。
（2021·宝坻区三模·阅读理解D篇）
Those with closed minds refused to consider any contradictory facts, and they proceed with their planned course of action, full speed ahead, with their “minds made up” and tightly shut. As an illustration, consider the situation in 1986, prior to the space shuttle Challenger’s disatrous launch that killed all seven astronauts aboard, there was a heated telephone debate between two engineers from the company that produced the shuttle booster rockets and the top officials of NASA (the federal government’s space agency). The engineers insisted that the flight was too risky because of freezing temperature at the Florida launch site. They explained that some of the seals on the fuel tanks were not designed to withstand such low temperatures and might leak under pressure, thus endangering the craft and crew.
Despite the pleas to stop the flight, officials at NASA overruled the engineers, who were best qualified to make judgments about the complex technical problems of space flight. What caused the officials to ignore the engineers? Several flights had already been postponed, and it would not look good to postpone another. It would be bad public relations to disappoint the crowds of people and news reporters waiting for the launch. Top government officials were ready to appear on the national television and take the credit for another safe flight. As a result, with their minds absolutely closed to the facts presented by the engineers, NASA officials ordered the Challenger to take off. Seventy-three seconds later, the spacecraft was enveloped in flame.
Incredibly, seventeen years later, the lesson of the Challenger disaster was repeated. In 2003, the space shuttle Columbia broke apart while re-entering the earth’s atmosphere, killing another crew of seven. During the shuttle’s liftoff, a piece of foam insulation(泡沫隔热材料) had broken off, hitting the shuttle's wing at five hundred miles per hour. Lower-level engineers at NASA begged for photographs of the Columbia in orbit, which might have shown the extent of the damage, but their closed-minded superiors ignored their requests. It was the damage caused by the 1.7 pound chunk of insulation that doomed the Columbia.
There is no virtue in ignoring contradictory facts and “sticking to your guns” when the course taken shows all the signs of being the wrong one. Closed minds are especially noticeable in political campaigns and debates. Many people line up to support one candidate or another and won’t listen to any facts presented by the opposing candidate.
All those with an open mind say is this: “I don’t know everything, so I’d better keep my mind, eyes, and ears open to any new facts that may come along.” The world would be a much better and safer place if everyone had this attitude.
1. Which of the following brought about the disastrous launch of the Challenger?
A. Its crew B. The engineers
C. The fuel tanks’ seals D. The size of its rocket
2. When the engineers appealed to stop the launch of the Challenger, the government officials ___________.
A. postponed the flight at once.
B. made judgments about the complex technical problems.
C. announced the news on national television.
D. ordered to launch the Challenger as scheduled.
3. What could be inferred from Paragraph 3?
A. The Columbia disaster was impossible to foresee.
B. Engineers were to blame for the Columbia’s explosion.
C. The Columbia disaster could have been avoided.
D. The Columbia was deliberately damaged.
4. What does the underlined phrase “sticking to your guns” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A. Holding firm to your own opinion.
B. Remaining and firing your gun at enemies.
C. Strengthening your status.
D. Keeping an open mind.
5. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To inform readers about what an open mind is.
B. To entertain readers with two stories of tragedies in space.
C. To persuade readers to keep an open mind.
D. To criticize what NASA officials had done in aerospace history.
6. How does the author support the argument of the passage?
A. By stating arguments. B. By giving examples.
C. By explaining statistical data. D. By providing research result.
【答案】CDCACB
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要讲述的是封闭的人，不考虑任何矛盾的事实，坚决地、严守秘密地按照计划行事，全速前进。文中用1986年“挑战者”号航天飞机遇难以及2003年，哥伦比亚号航天飞机在重返地球大气层时解体来说明这种观点带来的严重后果，并呼吁人们大家对任何可能出现的新事实持开放的态度，如果每个人都有这样的态度，世界将会变得更加美好和安全。
1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“ They explained that some of the seals on the fuel tanks were not designed to withstand such low temperatures and might leak under pressure, thus endangering the craft and crew.” 他们解释说，燃料箱上的一些密封装置不能承受如此低的温度，在压力下可能会泄漏，从而危及飞船和船员。可知是油箱密封造成了挑战者号的灾难。故选C。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“As a result, with their minds absolutely closed to the facts presented by the engineers, NASA officials ordered the Challenger to take off. Seventy-three seconds later, the spacecraft was enveloped in flame.” 结果，NASA的官员们完全不考虑工程师们提供的事实，命令挑战者号起飞。73秒后，宇宙飞船被火焰包围。可知是政府官员命令挑战者号如期发射。故选D项。
3.推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Incredibly, seventeen years later, the lesson of the Challenger disaster was repeated. ” 令人难以置信的是，17年后，挑战者号灾难的教训再次出现。和本段的“Lower-level engineers at NASA begged for photographs of the Columbia in orbit, which might have shown the extent of the damage, but their closed-minded superiors ignored their requests. It was the damage caused by the 1.7 pound chunk of insulation that doomed the Columbia.” NASA的低层工程师们要求获得哥伦比亚号在轨道上的照片，这样可以显示损坏的程度，但他们头脑封闭的上级忽略了他们的要求。正是这块1.7磅重的绝缘材料造成的损坏导致了哥伦比亚号的失事。可知同样是头脑封闭的上级忽略了低层工程师的要求，即如果上级对任何可能出现的新事实持开放的态度，本次事故本可以避免。故选C项。
4.词义猜测题。根据文章第一段“when the course taken shows all the signs of being the wrong one.”当所采取的路线显示出所有错误的迹象时；以及上句“There is no virtue in ignoring contradictory facts ”忽视相互矛盾的事实是没有好处的，划线部分和本句由and并列，故应和“忽视相互矛盾的事实”意义相近，故A项（固执己见）符合题意，故选A项。
5.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“All those with an open mind say is this: “I don’t know everything, so I’d better keep my mind, eyes, and ears open to any new facts that may come along.” The world would be a much better and safer place if everyone had this attitude.”所有心态开放的人都会说：我不是什么都知道，所以我最好保持我的头脑，眼睛和耳朵开放，以接受任何可能出现的新事实。如果每个人都有这样的态度，世界将会变得更加美好和安全。故文章主要是说服读者要保持开放的心态。故选C项。
6.推理判断题。通读文章第一段“As an illustration, consider the situation in 1986, prior to the space shuttle Challenger’s disastrous launch that killed all seven astronauts aboard, there was a heated telephone debate between two engineers from the company that produced the shuttle booster rockets and the top officials of NASA (the federal government s space agency).”作为一个例子,考虑这种情况，1986年代“挑战者”号航天飞机发射前,机上七名宇航员全部遇难,有两个工程师之间的争论激烈的电话产生助推火箭和航天飞机的公司的高层官员NASA(联邦政府年代航天局)。以及文章的第三段“Incredibly, seventeen years later, the lesson of the Challenger disaster was repeated. In 2003, the space shuttle Columbia broke apart while re-entering the earth s atmosphere, killing another crew of seven.”令人难以置信的是，17年后，挑战者号灾难的教训再次出现。2003年，哥伦比亚号航天飞机在重返地球大气层时解体，造成另外7名机组人员死亡。可知文章是通过举例支持文章的论点。故选B项。
（2021·和平区三模·阅读理解B篇）
Recently, I was talking with a friend of mine about a mutual (有相同关系的) friend of ours. "I wish I could be like Jenny. She always seems so happy. I'm mot joking; I honestly think she has the perfect life," said my friend.
If you were to look at the Instagram account of Jenny, you would indeed see what looks like the perfect life.
However, despite the enviable content of her Instagram, I learned through conversations with this girl that it was. all carefully handled. Everything was put together to maintain the public image that she was a happy-go-lucky, carefree (无忧无虑的) girl. When she was sad or upset, there was no indication of these emotions on her Instagram.
In fact, we all choose our online media presence. Look through your Instagram — I bet that you don't post pictures where you don't feel camera-ready. On Instagram, we always show our “good side”. Think about it. Would you rather post “I tried so hard but I ended up failing my test55 or “I treated myself to a hot coffee after studying hard all week”?
We all want to present the best parts of our lives, to show what's going well, and what we're proud of. We take photos of the nice things we own, or of any sorts of events considered “special”, such as invite-only or formal parties. We post photos of the good times rather than the bad times. No matter what happens, we try to make our online image perfect.
There's absolutely nothing wrong with making your online presence perfect-everyone' does it in some way or another. However, when it comes to feeling envious of someone else's Instagram posts, remember that just like you, they're showing their good side.
1. What's Jenny's life like indeed?
A. Her life is always full of sadness.
B. Her life is boring and meaningless.
C. She lives a perfect and meaningful life.
D. She lives an ordinary life just like others'.
2. What does the author consider common?
A. That people love reading posts online.
B. That people hide their bad side online.
C. That people want to please others online.
D. That people dream of living a perfect life.
3. Which of the following statements would the author agree with?
A. We should stop reading online stories.
B. We should always show our good side.
C. We shouldn't perfect our online image.
D. We shouldn't envy others' online presence.
4. What does the author think of the make-up perfect life online?
A. There is nothing wrong to cheat people online.
B. Showing good side online is quite vital in daily life.
C. It is rather natural for people to make perfect online presence.
D. Feeling envious of someone\ perfect life online should be encouraged.
5. Where is the text mast probably taken from?
A. A professor's speech. B. A survey of people's life.
C. A personal online account. D. An entertainment magazine.
【答案】DBDCB
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了当今大家的朋友圈都只发自己好的一面，人们没必要羡慕别人朋友圈的生活，因为这些朋友圈都是刻意完美化的。
1.推理判断题。根据第三段中“However, despite the perfect content of her Wechat，I learned through a conversation with this girl that it was all carefully handled. (然而，尽管她的朋友圈很完美，但我通过与这个女孩的交谈得知，这一切都是经过精心效处理的)”以及 “When she was sad or upset, there was no indication of these emotions on her Instagram. (当她伤心或难过时，她的Instagram没有这些情绪的证据)”可知，Jenny真实生活里有喜也有悲，是平平淡淡普通的生活。故选D。
2.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Look through your Instagram — I bet that you don't post pictures where you don't feel camera-ready. On Instagram, we always show our “good side”.(看看你的Instagram——我打赌你不会在感觉不适合拍照的地方发照片。在Instagram上，我们总是展示我们“好的一面”)”可知，作者认为人们在网上都把自己糟糕的一面隐藏了。故选B。
3.细节理解题。根据最后—段中“However, when it comes to feeling envious of someone else's Instagram posts, remember that just like you, they're showing their good side. (但是当要羡慕别人的Instagram时，请记住，就像你—样，他们也只表现出了自己的好—面)”可知，作者认为我们没必要羡慕别人在网上表现出来的样子。故选D。
4.细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“There's absolutely nothing wrong with making your online presence perfect-everyone' does it in some way or another(让你的网络形象完美绝对没有错，每个人都会以某种方式做到这一点).”可知，作者认为在网上表现完美是没有错的，是自然的。故选C。
5.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“We all want to present the best parts of our lives, to show what's going well, and what we're proud of. (我们每个人都想表现出生命中最美好的时光，展示我们引以为傲的事物)”及最后一段中“However, when it comes to feeling envious of someone else's Instagram posts, remember that just like you, they're showing their good side. (但是当要羡慕别人的Instagram时，请记住，就像你—样，他们也只表现出了自己的好—面)”并结合全文理解可知，这篇文章主要论述了当今大家的朋友圈都只发自己好的一面，人们没必要羡慕别人朋友圈的生活，因为这些朋友圈都是刻意完美化的。因此这篇文章最有可能是从关于人们生活的调查中取材的。故选B。
（2021·和平区三模·阅读理解D篇）
Last week, my younger brother visited me for five days, To ensure I could spend as much time with him as possible, I worked extra hard during the weekend before he arrived.
It amazed me how much I could accomplish when I had a strong motivation to be efficient During the week, I put in a couple of hours in the mornings to handle pressing issues and then spent the afternoons and evenings going out with him. Once again, I was surprised to realize just how much free time was available to me if I consciously chose to be more effective while working. This made me think of Parkinson's Law: Work expands to fill the time available for its completion.
I realized then that I'd given myself more time than necessary for work, and as a result, I ended up spending lot of toe procrastinating （拖延）and entertaining myself online.
How might things change for me, I wondered, it I chose to commit to more social and recreational （休闲娱乐）activities, made them priorities(优先事项）and was motivated to finish work quicker?
I realize not everyone has flexibility in their work schedules, but 1 believe we could all create more time for ourselves if we were motivated to cut out the choices that don't match our strongest desires and intentions. Maybe It's zoning out in front of the TV or searching the web. If there's one thing that's consumed my time the most, it's researching how I actually want to spend it.
I believe what English musician John Lennon said is true: Time that you enjoyed wasting was not wasted. I don't think there's anything wrong with using technology if We've consciously chosen to do it.
However, we owe it to ourselves to get out in the world and explore different possibilities -to be playful curious, engaged and just to be.
Perhaps it would be easier to do that if we asked ourselves: How can I be more effective? Can I minimize what I am currently doing? How can I start using the time I've created in a way that will excite and inspire me?
1. How did the author feel when she finished her work in advance?
A. Guilty. B. Exhausted. C. Stressed. D. Surprised.
2. What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The change in her work efficiency.
B. Ways of dealing with pressing issues.
C. Her working motivation to be different
D. The time spent with her younger brother.
3. What does the author advise us to do to make more time for ourselves?
A. Commit to more personal activities.
B. Get your priorities right with your work.
C. Create a tight work schedule for ourselves.
D. Ddn’t waste time on technology for any reason.
4 What is the author's main purpose in writing this article?
A. To explain what Parkinson's Law is.
B. To reflect on better time management.
C. To introduce how to balance work and life.
D. To show the importance of accompanying family members.
5. Which of the following is best title for the text?
A. Creating More Time.
B. Living Life to the Fullest
C. Skills for Doing Work Effectively
D. Relationship Influences Work Performance
【答案】DABBC
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文中作者结合自身经历，意识到当自己强烈渴望提高效率时，往往可以在很短的时间内完成许多事情，从而引发了作者对于如何更有效地进行时间管理的反思。
1.细节理解题。根据第二段“It amazed me how much I could accomplish when I had a strong motivation to be efficient.(当我有强烈的动力去提高效率的时候，我能完成那么多的事情让我感到惊讶)”以及 “Once again, I was surprised to realize just how much free time was available to me if I consciously chose to be more effective while working.(我再一次惊讶地意识到，如果我有意识地选择在工作时更有效率，那我能有更多空闲时间)”可知，作者对于自己能在更短的时间内完成工作感到惊奇，故选D。
2.词句猜测题。上文“Once again, I was surprised to realize just how much free time was available to me if I consciously chose to be more effective while working.”说明，我再一次惊讶地意识到，如果我有意识地选择在工作时更有效率，那我能有更多空闲时间，this指代上文提到的事情，结合划线句“This made me think of Parkinson's Law: Work expands to fill the time available for its completion.( (这让我想到了帕金森氏定律：工作的扩展是为了填满完成工作所需的时间))”可推断，作者工作效率的变化让她想到了帕金森定律。this指代“工作效率的改变”，故选A。
3.细节理解题。根据倒数第四段中“I realize not everyone has flexible work schedules, but I believe we could all create more time for ourselves if we were motivated to cut out the choices that don't match our strongest desires and intentions.(我知道不是每个人都有灵活的工作时间，但我相信，如果我们有动力放弃那些不符合我们最强烈愿望和意图的选择，我们都可以为自己创造更多的时间)”可知，作者建议我们专注于最重要的任务，忽略不重要的事情，来为自己腾出更多的时间。故选B。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Perhaps it would be easier to do that if we asked ourselves: How can I be more effective? Can I minimize what I am currently doing? How can I start using the time I've created in a way that will excite and inspire me?(也许，如果我们扪心自问：我怎样才能更有效率？我能把我正在做的事情最小化吗？我怎样开始利用我所创造的时间，让我感到兴奋和鼓舞？)”结合文中作者结合自身经历，意识到当自己强烈渴望提高效率时，往往可以在很短的时间内完成许多事情，从而引发了作者对于如何更有效地进行时间管理的反思。可推知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是反思更好的时间管理。故选B。
5.主旨大意题。根据倒数第三段的“I believe what English musician John Lennon said is true: Time that you enjoyed wasting was not wasted.( 我相信英国音乐家约翰·列农说的是真的：你喜欢浪费的时间并没有浪费)”以及最后一段的“Perhaps it would be easier to do that if we asked ourselves: How can I be more effective? Can I minimize what I am currently doing? How can I start using the time I've created in a way that will excite and inspire me?(也许，如果我们扪心自问：我怎样才能更有效率？我能把我正在做的事情最小化吗？我怎样开始利用我所创造的时间，让我感到兴奋和鼓舞？)”结合文章讲述的作者的自身经历，可知，文章主要讲述了作者意识到当自己强烈渴望提高效率时，往往可以在很短的时间内完成许多事情，这引发了作者对于如何更有效地进行时间管理的反思。因此推断C项“Skills for Doing Work Effectively（有效地开展工作的技能）”为最佳标题。故选C。
（2021·北大附中三模·阅读理解D篇）
In 1953, when visiting his daughter’s maths class, the Harvard psychologist B.F. Skinner found every pupil learning the same topic in the same way at the same speed. Later, he built his first “teaching machine”, which let children tackle questions at their own pace. Since then, education technology (edtech) has repeated the cycle of hype and flop (炒作和失败), even as computers have reshaped almost every other part of life.
Softwares to “personalize” learning can help hundreds of millions of children stuck in miserable classes—but only if edtech supporters can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how children learn. Alternatives have so far failed to teach so many children as efficiently as the conventional model of schooling, where classrooms, hierarchical year-groups, standardized curriculums and fixed timetables are still the typical pattern for most of the world’s nearly 1.5 billion schoolchildren. Under this pattern, too many do not reach their potential. That condition remained almost unchanged over the past 15 years, though billions have been spent on IT in schools during that period.
What really matters then? The answer is how edtech is used. One way it can help is through tailor-made instruction. Reformers think edtech can put individual attention within reach of all pupils. The other way edtech can aid learning is by making schools more productive. In California schools, instead of textbooks, pupils have “playlists”, which they use to access online lessons and take tests. The software assesses children’s progress, lightening teachers’ marking load and allowing them to focus on other tasks. A study suggested that children in early adopters of this model score better in tests than their peers at other schools.
Such innovation is welcome. But making the best of edtech means getting several things right. First, “personalized learning” must follow the evidence on how children learn. It must not be an excuse to revive pseudoscientific ideas such as “learning styles”: the theory that each child has a particular way of taking in information. This theory gave rise to government-sponsored schemes like Brain Gym, which claimed that some pupils should stretch or bend while doing sums. A less consequential falsehood is that technology means children do not need to learn facts or learn from a teacher—instead they can just use Google. Some educationalists go further, arguing that facts get in the way of skills such as creativity. Actually, the opposite is true. According to studies, most effective ways of boosting learning nearly all relied on the craft of a teacher.
Second, edtech must narrow, rather than widen, inequalities in education. Here there are grounds for optimism. Some of the pioneering schools are private ones in Silicon Valley. But many more are run by charter-school groups teaching mostly poor pupils, where laggards (成绩落后者) make the most progress relative to their peers in normal classes. A similar pattern can be observed outside America.
Third, the potential for edtech will be realized only if teachers embrace it. They are right to ask for evidence that products work. But skepticism should not turn into irrational opposition. Given what edtech promises today, closed-mindedness has no place in the classroom.
1. According to the passage, education technology can ________.
A. decrease teachers’ working load
B. facilitate personalized learning
C help standardize curriculums
D. be loved by schoolchildren
2. Which example best argues against the underlined sentence in Para. 4?
A. The students who are better at memorization tend to be less creative.
B. Schools with bans on phones have better results than high-tech ones.
C. Shakespeare was trained in grammar but he penned many great plays.
D. Lu Xun’s creativity was unlocked after he gave up studying medicine.
3. The author believes that edtech functions well only when it is ________.
A. at the service of teaching
B. limited in use among pupils
C. aimed at narrowing the wealth gap
D. in line with students’ learning styles
4. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To stress the importance of edtech.
B. To introduce the application of edtech.
C. To discuss how to get the best out of edtech.
D. To appeal for more open-mindedness to edtech.
【答案】BCCC
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了“个性化”学习软件可以帮助数以亿计陷入悲惨课堂的孩子，但如何使用edtech（教育科技）是个问题，文章就如何充分利用edtech展开了讨论。
1.细节理解题。由第一段中的“Later, he built his first “teaching machine”, which let children tackle questions at their own pace. (后来，他建造了第一台“教学机器”，让孩子们按照自己的节奏解决问题。)”和第二段中的“Softwares to “personalize” learning can help hundreds of millions of children stuck in miserable classes—but only if edtech supporters can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how children learn. (“个性化”学习软件可以帮助数以亿计陷入悲惨课堂的孩子，但前提是edtech的支持者能够抵制住重新唤起关于孩子如何学习的有害想法的诱惑。)”可知，教育技术（edtech）可以让孩子们按照自己的节奏解决问题，促进个性化学习。故选B项。
2.推理判断题。由第四段中的“A less consequential falsehood is that technology means children do not need to learn facts or learn from a teacher—instead they can just use Google. Some educationalists go further, arguing that facts get in the way of skills such as creativity. Actually, the opposite is true. According to studies, most effective ways of boosting learning nearly all relied on the craft of a teacher. (一个不那么重要的谬误是，科技意味着孩子们不需要学习事实或向老师学习，相反，他们可以直接使用谷歌。一些教育家更进一步，认为事实妨碍了诸如创造力之类的技能。事实上，恰恰相反。根据研究，促进学习的最有效方法几乎都依赖于教师的技能。)”可知，一些教育家认为学习事实或向老师学习会妨碍创造力，但研究表明，学习事实或向老师学习技能有助于促进学习，C项“莎士比亚受过语法训练，但他写了许多伟大的戏剧”体现了事实技能学习并不会妨碍创造力。故选C项。
3.细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的“Second, edtech must narrow, rather than widen, inequalities in education. Here there are grounds for optimism. Some of the pioneering schools are private ones in Silicon Valley. But many more are run by charter-school groups teaching mostly poor pupils, where laggards (成绩落后者) make the most progress relative to their peers in normal classes. (其次，edtech必须缩小而不是扩大教育不平等。这里有乐观的理由。一些开创性的学校是硅谷的私立学校。但更多的学校是由特许学校组织的，主要教授贫困学生，在这些学校里，相对于普通班的同龄人，落后学生取得的进步最大。)”可知，有贵族式私立学校，也有教授贫困学生的普通学校，因此作者认为edtech要有用，就需要edtech缩小教育上的贫富差距。故选C项。
4.主旨大意题。第一段用哈佛心理学家B.F. Skinner的故事引入“教育技术（edtech）”，第二段讲“教育技术（edtech）能促进个性化学习，但效果不如传统的学校教育模式那样有效地教育那么多的儿童”，第三段讲“如何使用edtech的方法——通过量身定做的指导学习”，第四段讲“如何充分利用edtech——第一、个性化学习必须遵循儿童如何学习的证据”，第五段讲“如何充分利用edtech——第二、缩小教育上的贫富差距”，最后一段讲“如何充分利用edtech——只有教师接受教育技术，教育技术的潜力才能实现”，可知文章主要就edtech展开讨论，讨论了如何充分利用edtech。故选C项。
专题15 阅读理解社会生活、议论类
I、2021年高考真题
（2021·新高考I卷·D篇）
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional （情感的） intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis （重视）on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives （视角） from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
1.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A.It can be measured by an IQ test.
B.It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C.It includes a set of emotional skills.
D.It refers to a person's positive qualities.
2. Why does the author mention "doctor" and "cheater" in paragraph 2?
A.To explain a rule.
B.To clarify a concept.
C.To present a fact.
D.To make a prediction.
3.What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.
4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A.Its appeal to the public.
B.Expectations for future studies.
C.Its practical application.
D.Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】DBAB
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了什么是情商，以及情商普及的优势，同时作者提出了对情商研究是未来期望。
1.细节理解题。根据题干信息misunderstanding定位到第一段：Many people now misunderstand… as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup… 分析可知，大多数人认为情商就是构成人性格中几乎所有可取的部分，而后跟的句子such as character, motivation, confidence… 则是作者在列举一些情商中具体的优良品质。选项D：它指的是一个人的优良品质，是该句的同义替换。故选D。
2.推理判断题。根据题干信息的paragraph 2，定位到第二段We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as…；分析可知，我们更喜欢把情商称作是一套特定的技能，它既可以用于好的目的，也可以用于坏的目的。而后作者便分别列举了doctor和cheater用于解释说明 "好目的" 和 "坏目的" 。由此我们可以推测，作者提及doctor和cheater是为了阐明前句所提到的关于情商的概念。故选B。
3.推理判断题。根据题干信息popularization of emotional intelligence定位到第三段：Although popular beliefs regarding… the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. 分析可知，虽然大众对于情商的普遍认知远远超过了目前研究可以支持的观点，但是宣传的总体效果（对于情商的发展研究） 是利大于弊的。而后作者便进一步列举了好处体现在哪些方面（the most positive aspect of this popularization…）。可知，作者对此态度是正向的、支持的。故选A。
4.主旨大意题。根据题干信息last paragraph定位到最后一段It is our hope that… advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence… may serve to point us in the right direction. 分析可知，我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供一个新的视角。而情商也许会给我们指明一个正确的方向。因此可以得知，最后一段作者是在提出对于未来研究的期待和方向。B项中的Expectations for future studies.符合题意。故选B。
（2021·浙江卷·B篇）
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference, " David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
1.What is the problem with the author's children?
A.They often annoy the neighbours.
B.They are tired of doing their homework.
C.They have no friends to play with.
D.They stay in front of sereens for too long.
2.How did David Bond advocate his idea?
A.By making a documentary film.
B.By organizing outdoor activities.
C.By advertising in London media.
D.By creating a network of friends.
3.Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2?
A.records B.predicts C.delays D.confirms
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Let Children Have Fun
B.Young Children Need More Free Time
C.Market Nature to Children
D.David Bond: A Role Model for Children
【答案】DAAC
【解析】本文作者以自己的孩子为例存在着长时间盯着电子屏幕的问题，从而引出了电影导演 David Bond怎样激励自己的孩子们养成户外活动、锻炼身体的习惯的做法。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段第三句 "However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours." 可知，作者的孩子们放学之后只想看电子屏幕，并盯着看好几个小时，故选D。
2.细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句“He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.“可知，作者记录了自己的旅程，并制作成电影，故选A。
3.词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句话句意”结果是 Project Wild Thing，一部描绘了 Wild Network 诞生的电影，Wild Network 是一组以让孩子们融入大自然为共同目标的组织。“可知，本句主要阐述作者拍摄的纪录片Project Wild Thing记录下了组织Wild Network的诞生，因此record（记录、记载）与所猜词汇最为接近，故选A。
4.主旨大意题。文章首段阐述现状，即孩子们花太多时间在电子屏幕上，紧接着提到了作者为呼吁孩子们走进大自然拍摄了纪录片，希望孩子们能多花些时间在户外运动上。因此本篇文章主要内容为：向孩子们 "推销" 自然，故选C。
（2021·3月天津卷·B篇）
About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard（蜥蜴）was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.
I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the months.
The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special.
"Let's make a cake for Dad!" I cried.
My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table!
Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.
Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary（纪录片）series The Last Dance.
The poignancy（酸楚）of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.
Humans do not shed skin（蜕皮）as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.
Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.
1.What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1?
A.Its tank grew dirty.
B.Its old skin came off.
C.It got a skin disease.
D.It went missing.
2.Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday?
A.The birthday cake was ruined.
B.The author made good puddings.
C.Pudding was his favorite dessert.
D.They couldn't afford a birthday cake.
3.Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage?
A.To prove a theory.
B.To define a concept.
C.To develop the theme.
D.To provide the background.
4.The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as .
A.letting go of the past
B.looking for a new job
C.getting rid of a bad habit
D.giving up an opportunity
5.What does the author most likely want to tell us?
A.Love of family helps us survive great hardships.
B.It's not the end of the world if we break things.
C.We should move on no matter what happens.
D.Past experiences should be treasured.
【答案】BACAC
【解析】文章大意：这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直到作者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了Michael Jordan的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句 "I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.（第二天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤蜕了下来）" 可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选：B。
2.细节理解题。根据第六段 "Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf…My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.（就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香蕉布丁）" 可知，作者的丈夫过生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选：A。
3.推理判断题。根据倒数第三段 "The poignancy（酸楚）of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. …Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. …Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.（Jordan从心爱的篮球退役，转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的决定，让我感到惊讶。当我看着他脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，我看到他脱下了那层不再适合他的衣服，就像我们的蜥蜴一样。他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后）" 以及最后一段 "Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.（ Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点）" 可推知，作者在文章中提到The Last Dance是为了展开文章关于放手过去，重新开始的主题。故选：C。
4.词义猜测题。根据画线词后文 "Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them…Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.（他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后）" 可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，意识到看到他放开了过去，把过去抛在脑后了。即画线词意思是 "放开过去"。故选：A。
5.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段 "Humans do not shed skin（蜕皮）as easily as other animals…I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.（人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始令人不安。这个过程很累人。伤害在我们准备好之前就改变了我们。我看到了我们生嫩的、几乎是全新的蜥蜴）" 以及最后一段 "Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.（Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点）" 可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们无论发生什么，我们都应该继续前进。故选：C。
（2021·3月天津卷·D篇）
There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排除）of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise（专长）. The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
1.To become a specialist, one may have to .
A.narrow his range of knowledge
B.avoid responsibilities at work
C.know more about the society
D.broaden his perspective on life
2.The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to .
A.treasure their freedom
B.travel around the world
C.spend most time working
D.enjoy meeting funny people
3.According to the author, a superior doctor is one who .
A.is fully aware of his talent and ability
B.is a pure specialist in medicine
C.should love poetry and philosophy
D.brings knowledge of other fields to work
4.What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?
A.Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B.In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C.Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D.Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B.Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C.Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D.Ways to Become a Generalist
【答案】ACDDA
【解析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。
1.推理判断题。根据文章第二段第二、三句 "This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. （成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。）" 可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段中提到 "Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty…These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, …(有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。…..这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)" 可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。
3.细节理解题。根据文章第四段最后一句 "The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.（这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。）" 可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。
4.推理判断题。根据文章第五段第一、二句 "Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. （事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）" 以及下文举出Toni的例子"My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy.（我的编辑Toni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。)"可以推断，作者想通过Toni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。
5.最佳标题题。文章第一段第一句提出观点 "There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. （作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才）" 。根据文章第二段第三句 "The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less." 可知，成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深。根据文章第四段第一句 "Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections." 可知，当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。根据上述内容可知，作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为 "Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）" 。故选A。
II、2021年高考模拟试题
（2021·天津十二区县联考2·阅读理解D篇）
The playing field is never even or equal. Your skills and attitude play a major role in the outcome. Knowing what you can do to have an advantage can make the difference between success and failure.
My kids tell me it's unfair to play with the big children. I tell them that's right. Unfairness is a good thing. There is more to be gained by the effort when things seem unfair. It is true that many things in the world are unfair. But unfair things usually can be a boon to you. For example, the early bird catches the worm. It is unfair that the bird that sleeps in misses out on breakfast but it is nice to know that if it gets up early it is sure to get the worm.
I always try to explain to my kids that complaining about how unfair something is will get them nowhere. Instead, make the most out of it and get on the other side of it. Once you do that you are in the advantage. Above all, you have to focus on gaining that unfair advantage and in order to do that, build your inner strength, When you empower （武装） yourself, you are gaining skills or abilities, confidence and self-esteem （自尊）.
You should look at your place in the world. Where do you want io be financially, spiritually, emotionally, and physically ? You are creating your own story when you empower yourself.
You can build all the advantages that you need to live the life that you want. If you haven't yet, you need to make a list of all the things you want to experience in your new life. This will help you focus on building advantages so that you never have to say that it's Not Fair. When you do this then you will be able to realize that unfairness is a good thing and you will want to teach those around you to see unfairness in this way too.
1. What docs the underlined word "boon" in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Something that is very terrible. B. Something that is very helpful
C. Something that is very kind D. Something that is very scared
2. What can we infer from the example of the playing field used by the author?
A. The author wants to introduce his topic
B. The author wants to support his opinion
C. He wants tell us that having an advantage is needed
D. He wants to show skills and attitudes are important in playing games
3. What is the best way to deal with unfairness according to the author?
A. Just accept it. B. Thy to change it.
C. Simply ignore it. D. Make good use of it.
4. You are told to look at your place in the world in order to ________.
A. make yourself better B. be proud of yourself
C. have more confidence D. know others' advantages
5. What is the text mainly about?
A. The way to live a happy life. B. The right attitude to unfairness.
C. Being patient enough to succeed. D. Staying calm when treated badly.
【答案】BADAB
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。主要讲述对待不公平的正确态度。
1.词句猜测题。由文章第二段中的转折词“But”可知，划线词应是褒义的，再结合下文“For example, the early bird catches the worm.（例如，早起的鸟儿有虫吃）”，说明划线词应是指“有帮助的”意思。故选B项。
2.推理判断题。由文章第一段“The playing field is never even or equal. Your skills and attitude play a major role in the outcome. Knowing what you can do to have an advantage can make the difference between success and failure.（竞技场从来就不是平等的。你的技能和态度对结果起着重要作用。知道你可以做什么来获得优势可以决定成功和失败）”可知，文章首段的目的应是引出话题。故选A项。
3.细节理解题。由文章第三段“I always try to explain to my kids that complaining about how unfair something is will get them nowhere. Instead, make the most out of it and get on the other side of it. Once you do that you are in the advantage.（我总是试图向我的孩子们解释，抱怨某件事是多么的不公平，对他们没有任何好处。相反，你应该充分利用它，站在它的另一面（考虑）。一旦你这样做了，你就处于优势了）”可知，在作者看来充分利用不公平是对待不公平本身最好的方法。故选D项。
4.推理判断题。由文章第四段“You should look at your place in the world. Where do you want io be financially, spiritually, emotionally, and physically ? You are creating your own story when you empower yourself.（你应该看看你在世界上的位置。你想在经济上、精神上、情感上和身体上处于什么位置？当你赋予自己力量时，你正在创造自己的故事）”以及第五段“You can build all the advantages that you need to live the life that you want.（你可以建立所有你需要的优势，过上你想要的生活）”可知，看清你在这个世界上的位置是为了让你变得更好。故选A项。
5.主旨大意题。由文章第五段“When you do this then you will be able to realize that unfairness is a good thing and you will want to teach those around you to see unfairness in this way too.（当你这样做的时候，你就会意识到不公平是一件好事，你也会想要教会你周围的人以这种方式看待不公平）” 结合文章主要围绕对待不公的正确态度展开可知，B项表述正确。故选B项。
（2021·宝坻区三模·阅读理解D篇）
Those with closed minds refused to consider any contradictory facts, and they proceed with their planned course of action, full speed ahead, with their “minds made up” and tightly shut. As an illustration, consider the situation in 1986, prior to the space shuttle Challenger’s disatrous launch that killed all seven astronauts aboard, there was a heated telephone debate between two engineers from the company that produced the shuttle booster rockets and the top officials of NASA (the federal government’s space agency). The engineers insisted that the flight was too risky because of freezing temperature at the Florida launch site. They explained that some of the seals on the fuel tanks were not designed to withstand such low temperatures and might leak under pressure, thus endangering the craft and crew.
Despite the pleas to stop the flight, officials at NASA overruled the engineers, who were best qualified to make judgments about the complex technical problems of space flight. What caused the officials to ignore the engineers? Several flights had already been postponed, and it would not look good to postpone another. It would be bad public relations to disappoint the crowds of people and news reporters waiting for the launch. Top government officials were ready to appear on the national television and take the credit for another safe flight. As a result, with their minds absolutely closed to the facts presented by the engineers, NASA officials ordered the Challenger to take off. Seventy-three seconds later, the spacecraft was enveloped in flame.
Incredibly, seventeen years later, the lesson of the Challenger disaster was repeated. In 2003, the space shuttle Columbia broke apart while re-entering the earth’s atmosphere, killing another crew of seven. During the shuttle’s liftoff, a piece of foam insulation(泡沫隔热材料) had broken off, hitting the shuttle's wing at five hundred miles per hour. Lower-level engineers at NASA begged for photographs of the Columbia in orbit, which might have shown the extent of the damage, but their closed-minded superiors ignored their requests. It was the damage caused by the 1.7 pound chunk of insulation that doomed the Columbia.
There is no virtue in ignoring contradictory facts and “sticking to your guns” when the course taken shows all the signs of being the wrong one. Closed minds are especially noticeable in political campaigns and debates. Many people line up to support one candidate or another and won’t listen to any facts presented by the opposing candidate.
All those with an open mind say is this: “I don’t know everything, so I’d better keep my mind, eyes, and ears open to any new facts that may come along.” The world would be a much better and safer place if everyone had this attitude.
1. Which of the following brought about the disastrous launch of the Challenger?
A. Its crew B. The engineers
C. The fuel tanks’ seals D. The size of its rocket
2. When the engineers appealed to stop the launch of the Challenger, the government officials ___________.
A. postponed the flight at once.
B. made judgments about the complex technical problems.
C. announced the news on national television.
D. ordered to launch the Challenger as scheduled.
3. What could be inferred from Paragraph 3?
A. The Columbia disaster was impossible to foresee.
B. Engineers were to blame for the Columbia’s explosion.
C. The Columbia disaster could have been avoided.
D. The Columbia was deliberately damaged.
4. What does the underlined phrase “sticking to your guns” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A. Holding firm to your own opinion.
B. Remaining and firing your gun at enemies.
C. Strengthening your status.
D. Keeping an open mind.
5. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To inform readers about what an open mind is.
B. To entertain readers with two stories of tragedies in space.
C. To persuade readers to keep an open mind.
D. To criticize what NASA officials had done in aerospace history.
6. How does the author support the argument of the passage?
A. By stating arguments. B. By giving examples.
C. By explaining statistical data. D. By providing research result.
【答案】CDCACB
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要讲述的是封闭的人，不考虑任何矛盾的事实，坚决地、严守秘密地按照计划行事，全速前进。文中用1986年“挑战者”号航天飞机遇难以及2003年，哥伦比亚号航天飞机在重返地球大气层时解体来说明这种观点带来的严重后果，并呼吁人们大家对任何可能出现的新事实持开放的态度，如果每个人都有这样的态度，世界将会变得更加美好和安全。
1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“ They explained that some of the seals on the fuel tanks were not designed to withstand such low temperatures and might leak under pressure, thus endangering the craft and crew.” 他们解释说，燃料箱上的一些密封装置不能承受如此低的温度，在压力下可能会泄漏，从而危及飞船和船员。可知是油箱密封造成了挑战者号的灾难。故选C。
2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“As a result, with their minds absolutely closed to the facts presented by the engineers, NASA officials ordered the Challenger to take off. Seventy-three seconds later, the spacecraft was enveloped in flame.” 结果，NASA的官员们完全不考虑工程师们提供的事实，命令挑战者号起飞。73秒后，宇宙飞船被火焰包围。可知是政府官员命令挑战者号如期发射。故选D项。
3.推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Incredibly, seventeen years later, the lesson of the Challenger disaster was repeated. ” 令人难以置信的是，17年后，挑战者号灾难的教训再次出现。和本段的“Lower-level engineers at NASA begged for photographs of the Columbia in orbit, which might have shown the extent of the damage, but their closed-minded superiors ignored their requests. It was the damage caused by the 1.7 pound chunk of insulation that doomed the Columbia.” NASA的低层工程师们要求获得哥伦比亚号在轨道上的照片，这样可以显示损坏的程度，但他们头脑封闭的上级忽略了他们的要求。正是这块1.7磅重的绝缘材料造成的损坏导致了哥伦比亚号的失事。可知同样是头脑封闭的上级忽略了低层工程师的要求，即如果上级对任何可能出现的新事实持开放的态度，本次事故本可以避免。故选C项。
4.词义猜测题。根据文章第一段“when the course taken shows all the signs of being the wrong one.”当所采取的路线显示出所有错误的迹象时；以及上句“There is no virtue in ignoring contradictory facts ”忽视相互矛盾的事实是没有好处的，划线部分和本句由and并列，故应和“忽视相互矛盾的事实”意义相近，故A项（固执己见）符合题意，故选A项。
5.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“All those with an open mind say is this: “I don’t know everything, so I’d better keep my mind, eyes, and ears open to any new facts that may come along.” The world would be a much better and safer place if everyone had this attitude.”所有心态开放的人都会说：我不是什么都知道，所以我最好保持我的头脑，眼睛和耳朵开放，以接受任何可能出现的新事实。如果每个人都有这样的态度，世界将会变得更加美好和安全。故文章主要是说服读者要保持开放的心态。故选C项。
6.推理判断题。通读文章第一段“As an illustration, consider the situation in 1986, prior to the space shuttle Challenger’s disastrous launch that killed all seven astronauts aboard, there was a heated telephone debate between two engineers from the company that produced the shuttle booster rockets and the top officials of NASA (the federal government s space agency).”作为一个例子,考虑这种情况，1986年代“挑战者”号航天飞机发射前,机上七名宇航员全部遇难,有两个工程师之间的争论激烈的电话产生助推火箭和航天飞机的公司的高层官员NASA(联邦政府年代航天局)。以及文章的第三段“Incredibly, seventeen years later, the lesson of the Challenger disaster was repeated. In 2003, the space shuttle Columbia broke apart while re-entering the earth s atmosphere, killing another crew of seven.”令人难以置信的是，17年后，挑战者号灾难的教训再次出现。2003年，哥伦比亚号航天飞机在重返地球大气层时解体，造成另外7名机组人员死亡。可知文章是通过举例支持文章的论点。故选B项。
（2021·和平区三模·阅读理解B篇）
Recently, I was talking with a friend of mine about a mutual (有相同关系的) friend of ours. "I wish I could be like Jenny. She always seems so happy. I'm mot joking; I honestly think she has the perfect life," said my friend.
If you were to look at the Instagram account of Jenny, you would indeed see what looks like the perfect life.
However, despite the enviable content of her Instagram, I learned through conversations with this girl that it was. all carefully handled. Everything was put together to maintain the public image that she was a happy-go-lucky, carefree (无忧无虑的) girl. When she was sad or upset, there was no indication of these emotions on her Instagram.
In fact, we all choose our online media presence. Look through your Instagram — I bet that you don't post pictures where you don't feel camera-ready. On Instagram, we always show our “good side”. Think about it. Would you rather post “I tried so hard but I ended up failing my test55 or “I treated myself to a hot coffee after studying hard all week”?
We all want to present the best parts of our lives, to show what's going well, and what we're proud of. We take photos of the nice things we own, or of any sorts of events considered “special”, such as invite-only or formal parties. We post photos of the good times rather than the bad times. No matter what happens, we try to make our online image perfect.
There's absolutely nothing wrong with making your online presence perfect-everyone' does it in some way or another. However, when it comes to feeling envious of someone else's Instagram posts, remember that just like you, they're showing their good side.
1. What's Jenny's life like indeed?
A. Her life is always full of sadness.
B. Her life is boring and meaningless.
C. She lives a perfect and meaningful life.
D. She lives an ordinary life just like others'.
2. What does the author consider common?
A. That people love reading posts online.
B. That people hide their bad side online.
C. That people want to please others online.
D. That people dream of living a perfect life.
3. Which of the following statements would the author agree with?
A. We should stop reading online stories.
B. We should always show our good side.
C. We shouldn't perfect our online image.
D. We shouldn't envy others' online presence.
4. What does the author think of the make-up perfect life online?
A. There is nothing wrong to cheat people online.
B. Showing good side online is quite vital in daily life.
C. It is rather natural for people to make perfect online presence.
D. Feeling envious of someone\ perfect life online should be encouraged.
5. Where is the text mast probably taken from?
A. A professor's speech. B. A survey of people's life.
C. A personal online account. D. An entertainment magazine.
【答案】DBDCB
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了当今大家的朋友圈都只发自己好的一面，人们没必要羡慕别人朋友圈的生活，因为这些朋友圈都是刻意完美化的。
1.推理判断题。根据第三段中“However, despite the perfect content of her Wechat，I learned through a conversation with this girl that it was all carefully handled. (然而，尽管她的朋友圈很完美，但我通过与这个女孩的交谈得知，这一切都是经过精心效处理的)”以及 “When she was sad or upset, there was no indication of these emotions on her Instagram. (当她伤心或难过时，她的Instagram没有这些情绪的证据)”可知，Jenny真实生活里有喜也有悲，是平平淡淡普通的生活。故选D。
2.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Look through your Instagram — I bet that you don't post pictures where you don't feel camera-ready. On Instagram, we always show our “good side”.(看看你的Instagram——我打赌你不会在感觉不适合拍照的地方发照片。在Instagram上，我们总是展示我们“好的一面”)”可知，作者认为人们在网上都把自己糟糕的一面隐藏了。故选B。
3.细节理解题。根据最后—段中“However, when it comes to feeling envious of someone else's Instagram posts, remember that just like you, they're showing their good side. (但是当要羡慕别人的Instagram时，请记住，就像你—样，他们也只表现出了自己的好—面)”可知，作者认为我们没必要羡慕别人在网上表现出来的样子。故选D。
4.细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“There's absolutely nothing wrong with making your online presence perfect-everyone' does it in some way or another(让你的网络形象完美绝对没有错，每个人都会以某种方式做到这一点).”可知，作者认为在网上表现完美是没有错的，是自然的。故选C。
5.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“We all want to present the best parts of our lives, to show what's going well, and what we're proud of. (我们每个人都想表现出生命中最美好的时光，展示我们引以为傲的事物)”及最后一段中“However, when it comes to feeling envious of someone else's Instagram posts, remember that just like you, they're showing their good side. (但是当要羡慕别人的Instagram时，请记住，就像你—样，他们也只表现出了自己的好—面)”并结合全文理解可知，这篇文章主要论述了当今大家的朋友圈都只发自己好的一面，人们没必要羡慕别人朋友圈的生活，因为这些朋友圈都是刻意完美化的。因此这篇文章最有可能是从关于人们生活的调查中取材的。故选B。
（2021·和平区三模·阅读理解D篇）
Last week, my younger brother visited me for five days, To ensure I could spend as much time with him as possible, I worked extra hard during the weekend before he arrived.
It amazed me how much I could accomplish when I had a strong motivation to be efficient During the week, I put in a couple of hours in the mornings to handle pressing issues and then spent the afternoons and evenings going out with him. Once again, I was surprised to realize just how much free time was available to me if I consciously chose to be more effective while working. This made me think of Parkinson's Law: Work expands to fill the time available for its completion.
I realized then that I'd given myself more time than necessary for work, and as a result, I ended up spending lot of toe procrastinating （拖延）and entertaining myself online.
How might things change for me, I wondered, it I chose to commit to more social and recreational （休闲娱乐）activities, made them priorities(优先事项）and was motivated to finish work quicker?
I realize not everyone has flexibility in their work schedules, but 1 believe we could all create more time for ourselves if we were motivated to cut out the choices that don't match our strongest desires and intentions. Maybe It's zoning out in front of the TV or searching the web. If there's one thing that's consumed my time the most, it's researching how I actually want to spend it.
I believe what English musician John Lennon said is true: Time that you enjoyed wasting was not wasted. I don't think there's anything wrong with using technology if We've consciously chosen to do it.
However, we owe it to ourselves to get out in the world and explore different possibilities -to be playful curious, engaged and just to be.
Perhaps it would be easier to do that if we asked ourselves: How can I be more effective? Can I minimize what I am currently doing? How can I start using the time I've created in a way that will excite and inspire me?
1. How did the author feel when she finished her work in advance?
A. Guilty. B. Exhausted. C. Stressed. D. Surprised.
2. What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The change in her work efficiency.
B. Ways of dealing with pressing issues.
C. Her working motivation to be different
D. The time spent with her younger brother.
3. What does the author advise us to do to make more time for ourselves?
A. Commit to more personal activities.
B. Get your priorities right with your work.
C. Create a tight work schedule for ourselves.
D. Ddn’t waste time on technology for any reason.
4 What is the author's main purpose in writing this article?
A. To explain what Parkinson's Law is.
B. To reflect on better time management.
C. To introduce how to balance work and life.
D. To show the importance of accompanying family members.
5. Which of the following is best title for the text?
A. Creating More Time.
B. Living Life to the Fullest
C. Skills for Doing Work Effectively
D. Relationship Influences Work Performance
【答案】DABBC
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文中作者结合自身经历，意识到当自己强烈渴望提高效率时，往往可以在很短的时间内完成许多事情，从而引发了作者对于如何更有效地进行时间管理的反思。
1.细节理解题。根据第二段“It amazed me how much I could accomplish when I had a strong motivation to be efficient.(当我有强烈的动力去提高效率的时候，我能完成那么多的事情让我感到惊讶)”以及 “Once again, I was surprised to realize just how much free time was available to me if I consciously chose to be more effective while working.(我再一次惊讶地意识到，如果我有意识地选择在工作时更有效率，那我能有更多空闲时间)”可知，作者对于自己能在更短的时间内完成工作感到惊奇，故选D。
2.词句猜测题。上文“Once again, I was surprised to realize just how much free time was available to me if I consciously chose to be more effective while working.”说明，我再一次惊讶地意识到，如果我有意识地选择在工作时更有效率，那我能有更多空闲时间，this指代上文提到的事情，结合划线句“This made me think of Parkinson's Law: Work expands to fill the time available for its completion.( (这让我想到了帕金森氏定律：工作的扩展是为了填满完成工作所需的时间))”可推断，作者工作效率的变化让她想到了帕金森定律。this指代“工作效率的改变”，故选A。
3.细节理解题。根据倒数第四段中“I realize not everyone has flexible work schedules, but I believe we could all create more time for ourselves if we were motivated to cut out the choices that don't match our strongest desires and intentions.(我知道不是每个人都有灵活的工作时间，但我相信，如果我们有动力放弃那些不符合我们最强烈愿望和意图的选择，我们都可以为自己创造更多的时间)”可知，作者建议我们专注于最重要的任务，忽略不重要的事情，来为自己腾出更多的时间。故选B。
4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Perhaps it would be easier to do that if we asked ourselves: How can I be more effective? Can I minimize what I am currently doing? How can I start using the time I've created in a way that will excite and inspire me?(也许，如果我们扪心自问：我怎样才能更有效率？我能把我正在做的事情最小化吗？我怎样开始利用我所创造的时间，让我感到兴奋和鼓舞？)”结合文中作者结合自身经历，意识到当自己强烈渴望提高效率时，往往可以在很短的时间内完成许多事情，从而引发了作者对于如何更有效地进行时间管理的反思。可推知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是反思更好的时间管理。故选B。
5.主旨大意题。根据倒数第三段的“I believe what English musician John Lennon said is true: Time that you enjoyed wasting was not wasted.( 我相信英国音乐家约翰·列农说的是真的：你喜欢浪费的时间并没有浪费)”以及最后一段的“Perhaps it would be easier to do that if we asked ourselves: How can I be more effective? Can I minimize what I am currently doing? How can I start using the time I've created in a way that will excite and inspire me?(也许，如果我们扪心自问：我怎样才能更有效率？我能把我正在做的事情最小化吗？我怎样开始利用我所创造的时间，让我感到兴奋和鼓舞？)”结合文章讲述的作者的自身经历，可知，文章主要讲述了作者意识到当自己强烈渴望提高效率时，往往可以在很短的时间内完成许多事情，这引发了作者对于如何更有效地进行时间管理的反思。因此推断C项“Skills for Doing Work Effectively（有效地开展工作的技能）”为最佳标题。故选C。
（2021·北大附中三模·阅读理解D篇）
In 1953, when visiting his daughter’s maths class, the Harvard psychologist B.F. Skinner found every pupil learning the same topic in the same way at the same speed. Later, he built his first “teaching machine”, which let children tackle questions at their own pace. Since then, education technology (edtech) has repeated the cycle of hype and flop (炒作和失败), even as computers have reshaped almost every other part of life.
Softwares to “personalize” learning can help hundreds of millions of children stuck in miserable classes—but only if edtech supporters can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how children learn. Alternatives have so far failed to teach so many children as efficiently as the conventional model of schooling, where classrooms, hierarchical year-groups, standardized curriculums and fixed timetables are still the typical pattern for most of the world’s nearly 1.5 billion schoolchildren. Under this pattern, too many do not reach their potential. That condition remained almost unchanged over the past 15 years, though billions have been spent on IT in schools during that period.
What really matters then? The answer is how edtech is used. One way it can help is through tailor-made instruction. Reformers think edtech can put individual attention within reach of all pupils. The other way edtech can aid learning is by making schools more productive. In California schools, instead of textbooks, pupils have “playlists”, which they use to access online lessons and take tests. The software assesses children’s progress, lightening teachers’ marking load and allowing them to focus on other tasks. A study suggested that children in early adopters of this model score better in tests than their peers at other schools.
Such innovation is welcome. But making the best of edtech means getting several things right. First, “personalized learning” must follow the evidence on how children learn. It must not be an excuse to revive pseudoscientific ideas such as “learning styles”: the theory that each child has a particular way of taking in information. This theory gave rise to government-sponsored schemes like Brain Gym, which claimed that some pupils should stretch or bend while doing sums. A less consequential falsehood is that technology means children do not need to learn facts or learn from a teacher—instead they can just use Google. Some educationalists go further, arguing that facts get in the way of skills such as creativity. Actually, the opposite is true. According to studies, most effective ways of boosting learning nearly all relied on the craft of a teacher.
Second, edtech must narrow, rather than widen, inequalities in education. Here there are grounds for optimism. Some of the pioneering schools are private ones in Silicon Valley. But many more are run by charter-school groups teaching mostly poor pupils, where laggards (成绩落后者) make the most progress relative to their peers in normal classes. A similar pattern can be observed outside America.
Third, the potential for edtech will be realized only if teachers embrace it. They are right to ask for evidence that products work. But skepticism should not turn into irrational opposition. Given what edtech promises today, closed-mindedness has no place in the classroom.
1. According to the passage, education technology can ________.
A. decrease teachers’ working load
B. facilitate personalized learning
C help standardize curriculums
D. be loved by schoolchildren
2. Which example best argues against the underlined sentence in Para. 4?
A. The students who are better at memorization tend to be less creative.
B. Schools with bans on phones have better results than high-tech ones.
C. Shakespeare was trained in grammar but he penned many great plays.
D. Lu Xun’s creativity was unlocked after he gave up studying medicine.
3. The author believes that edtech functions well only when it is ________.
A. at the service of teaching
B. limited in use among pupils
C. aimed at narrowing the wealth gap
D. in line with students’ learning styles
4. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To stress the importance of edtech.
B. To introduce the application of edtech.
C. To discuss how to get the best out of edtech.
D. To appeal for more open-mindedness to edtech.
【答案】BCCC
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了“个性化”学习软件可以帮助数以亿计陷入悲惨课堂的孩子，但如何使用edtech（教育科技）是个问题，文章就如何充分利用edtech展开了讨论。
1.细节理解题。由第一段中的“Later, he built his first “teaching machine”, which let children tackle questions at their own pace. (后来，他建造了第一台“教学机器”，让孩子们按照自己的节奏解决问题。)”和第二段中的“Softwares to “personalize” learning can help hundreds of millions of children stuck in miserable classes—but only if edtech supporters can resist the temptation to revive harmful ideas about how children learn. (“个性化”学习软件可以帮助数以亿计陷入悲惨课堂的孩子，但前提是edtech的支持者能够抵制住重新唤起关于孩子如何学习的有害想法的诱惑。)”可知，教育技术（edtech）可以让孩子们按照自己的节奏解决问题，促进个性化学习。故选B项。
2.推理判断题。由第四段中的“A less consequential falsehood is that technology means children do not need to learn facts or learn from a teacher—instead they can just use Google. Some educationalists go further, arguing that facts get in the way of skills such as creativity. Actually, the opposite is true. According to studies, most effective ways of boosting learning nearly all relied on the craft of a teacher. (一个不那么重要的谬误是，科技意味着孩子们不需要学习事实或向老师学习，相反，他们可以直接使用谷歌。一些教育家更进一步，认为事实妨碍了诸如创造力之类的技能。事实上，恰恰相反。根据研究，促进学习的最有效方法几乎都依赖于教师的技能。)”可知，一些教育家认为学习事实或向老师学习会妨碍创造力，但研究表明，学习事实或向老师学习技能有助于促进学习，C项“莎士比亚受过语法训练，但他写了许多伟大的戏剧”体现了事实技能学习并不会妨碍创造力。故选C项。
3.细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的“Second, edtech must narrow, rather than widen, inequalities in education. Here there are grounds for optimism. Some of the pioneering schools are private ones in Silicon Valley. But many more are run by charter-school groups teaching mostly poor pupils, where laggards (成绩落后者) make the most progress relative to their peers in normal classes. (其次，edtech必须缩小而不是扩大教育不平等。这里有乐观的理由。一些开创性的学校是硅谷的私立学校。但更多的学校是由特许学校组织的，主要教授贫困学生，在这些学校里，相对于普通班的同龄人，落后学生取得的进步最大。)”可知，有贵族式私立学校，也有教授贫困学生的普通学校，因此作者认为edtech要有用，就需要edtech缩小教育上的贫富差距。故选C项。
4.主旨大意题。第一段用哈佛心理学家B.F. Skinner的故事引入“教育技术（edtech）”，第二段讲“教育技术（edtech）能促进个性化学习，但效果不如传统的学校教育模式那样有效地教育那么多的儿童”，第三段讲“如何使用edtech的方法——通过量身定做的指导学习”，第四段讲“如何充分利用edtech——第一、个性化学习必须遵循儿童如何学习的证据”，第五段讲“如何充分利用edtech——第二、缩小教育上的贫富差距”，最后一段讲“如何充分利用edtech——只有教师接受教育技术，教育技术的潜力才能实现”，可知文章主要就edtech展开讨论，讨论了如何充分利用edtech。故选C项。
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