【超详139页】中考初中英语语法专题知识清单(目录速查+17专题知识清单+详细讲解,word可编辑打印) 学霸冲冲冲shop348121278.taobao.com
展开目录
专题1 名词 2
专题2 代词 12
专题3 冠词 24
专题4 数词 37
专题5 介词 46
专题6 连词 56
专题7 形容词副词 63
专题8 动词 71
专题9 动词短语 77
专题10 情态动词 82
专题11 非谓语动词 89
专题12 动词时态 96
专题13 动词语态 106
专题14 特殊句式 112
专题15 宾语从句 122
专题16 定语从句 130
专题17 状语从句 135
专题1 名词
【课标解读】
考点
要求
中考预测
名词辨析题
掌握
名词的可数和不可数性
理解
名词所有格
了解
【分析解读】
名词词义辨析是中考对名词考察的最大热点,又是重点和难点。对名词的考察主要集中在语义辨析上,尤其是在具体语境中考察近义高频词的用法区别
名词辨析的几上备选项往往是意义比较接近的词,考生千万不要望词生义,尤其是不能仅从汉语意思就随意作出选择,应注意其固定搭配,并领悟其在语境的词义。
【知识方法】
专有名词
个体名词
名词分类
可数名词 集体名词
普通名词
物质名词
不可数名词
不可数名词的数
抽象名词
名词的数
名 词
可数名词的规则不规则变化
of所有格的构成及用法
名词所有格
‘s所有格的构成及用法
双重所有格
考点清单
考点一 名词词义辨析
在中考中,对于名词的考察主要集中在具体语境下名词词义的辨析上。综合分析这几年的中考的真题,总结出一些常考的名词。具体如下:
A
activity活动 address地址 advertisement广告
advantage优势 advice建议 attention注意
athlete运动员 action行动 ability能力
B
balance平衡 bottom 底部 business 商业,生意
background 背景 break 间歇;休息
C
challenge挑战chance机会change变化,零钱collection收集物
contribution贡献choice选择
C competition比赛;竞争 cause原因 custom风俗
courage勇气care照顾,关心communication交流,通信
condition条件,状况 culture文化
D
decision决定design设计difference不同discussion讨论
duty责任;义务 distance距离 description描述
director导演;负责人 danger危险 direction说明;方向
degree学位,度数,程度 development发展
difficulty困难 discovery发现
fact事实fear害怕,恐惧field田野,场地,领域
E
education教育effort努力energy能量;精力
experiment实验expression表达environment环境
excuse 借口 exhibition展览 experience经验;经历
explanation解释;说明example实例,样品exercise练习
F
feeling感觉fun乐趣fight战斗force力,力量
form形式,类型 friendship友谊 future未来
H
habit习惯hobby业余爱好honour荣誉health健康
hope 希望
I
information信息idea想法,主意interest兴趣
importance重要性invention发明interview面试;访谈
influence影响(力)instruction指示,命令
invitation邀请 instrument器械,仪器 introduction介绍
J
joke笑话,玩笑journey(尤指长途)旅
行,行程 job工作
K
knowledge知识
L
language语言laughter笑,笑声lesson课程,教训
level水平life(pl.lives)生活,生命list名单,清单
luck幸运,运气
M
meaning意义,意思member成员mess杂乱
mood 心情message消息method方法mind头脑,心智
material 材料
P
pain痛苦,疼痛patience耐心peace和平
protection保护praise表扬patient病人progress进步
problem 问题 promise 承诺 pride 骄傲 pity 遗憾
pleasure高兴,愉快present现在,礼物price价格
program节目purpose目的
R
reason理由;原因 relation关系result结果report报告
research研究;调查regret遗憾,懊悔relationship关系
reply回复 rule规则
S
service服务 shape形状;外形 stranger 陌生人
safety安全saying格言secret秘密sight视力;景象style5
感觉 situation 情况 system系统 square广场
surface表面space太空,空间
T
technology技术tourist游客tradition传统traffic车辆;交通
trouble困难 task 任务 taste 味觉,品味T temperature温度
trade 贸易 treat 款待,招待 truth 实情 thought思想,思考
treasure 珠宝 transport交通运输
V
voice嗓音 volunteer志愿者 value价值 victory胜利
W
waste浪费,废品way方式,道路wealth财富weight
重量 wish愿望,祝愿 worry担心,担忧
考点二 名词的可数不可数性
1.名词的复数形式
名词复数形式的变化规则如下:
情况
构成方法
读音
例词
一般情况
加s
清辅音后读/s/、浊辅音后读/z//在t后读/ts/、在d后读/dz/
cake-cakes day-days
student-students
以-s -x -sh -ch等结尾的词
加es
读/Iz/
bus-buses box-boxes
watch-watches
以辅音字母+y结尾的词
变,y为i再加es
读/z/
baby-babies city-citiescountry-countries
lady-ladies
以元音字母+y结尾的词
加s
读/z/
toy-toys monkey-monkeys
以(f)e结尾的词
(f)e为ves
读/vz/
leaf-leaves wolf-wolves life-lives
以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾词
加s
读/Iz/
face-faces orange-oranges
不规则变化
改变单数名词中的元音字母
元音改变
man-men woman-women
foot-feet tooth-teeth
单复数形式相同
读音不变
fish-fish sheep-sheep deer-deer
Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese
其他形式
/maus/--/mais/
mouse-mice
(2)某国人变复数
①中国人a Chinese→Chinese
②英国人an Englishman→Englishmen
③阿拉伯人anArab→Arabs
可用口诀记忆这一点,即中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。
(3)以-0结尾的名词,有些在词尾加-es,它们是“黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿”。如:
Negro→Negroes hero→heroes
而一般在词尾加-s。如:
zoo→zoos radio→radios
(4)名词修饰名词时,若前面的名词是man,woman,变复数时,前后两个名词全都要变成复数形式;如果是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。如:
man teacher→men teachers
boy student→boy students
(5)有些以-f或-ef结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。如:
roof→roofs屋顶
belief→beliefs信仰
proof→proofs证据chief→chiefs首领
2.不可数名词的数
(1)表示方法:不可数名词需要计量时,用“数词或冠词+计量名词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后的名词只用原形。如:
a piece of paper 一张纸
a drop of water 一滴水
two cups of tea两杯茶
2)不少名词在汉语中是可数的,但在英语中却不可数,比如不能说 a bread,a news,a paper等,如果要表示这些不可数名词的数量,应用一类“可数”的词作定语来表达。如:
a piece of news一则新闻
a piece of advice 一条建议
a piece of bread 一片面包
a piece of work 一份工作
a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水
a basket of food一篮子食物
a block of ice 一块冰
a pair of glasses 一副眼镜
a pair of trousers一条裤子
考点三 名词所有格
1.名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式:一种是's所有格,另一种是of所有格。如:
Beijing is China's capital./Beijing is the capital of China.
北京是中国的首都。
2.用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系,这时只在最后一个名词后加-'s。如:
This is Mary and her sister's bedroom.
这是玛丽和她姐姐的卧室。
Lily and Lucy's mother is a nurse.
莉莉和露西的妈妈是位护士。
用and连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加-'s表示所有关系。如:
These are Tom's and Mary's bags.
这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。
Wei Hua's and John's licenses are missing.
魏华和约翰的许可证都丢了
3.以-s结尾的名词,在s后加“'”;不以-s结尾的词,在词尾加-'s。如:
Children's Day儿童节 Teachers'Day教师节
8.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以在词尾加“-'s”或“”来构成所有格。如:
(1)用于时间
an hour's ride 骑车一小时的路程
two weeks'time两个星期的时间
(2)用于度量
thirteen tons' weight 13吨的重量
five hundred metres' distance 五百米的距离
(3)用于价值
a hundred yuan's order一百元的订货单
a hundred pounds'note一百英锈的钞票
(4)用于天体
the earth's satellite 地球卫星
(5)用于国家
Belgium's capital 比利时的首都
(6)用于城市
the Ural's industry乌拉尔的工业
Changchun's agriculture长春的农业
9.双重所有格与of所有格的区别。如:
He is a friend of your father's.
他是你父亲的一个朋友。(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个)
He is a friend of your father
他是你父亲的朋友。(强调他对你父亲的友好)
题组训练
1.Japanese____ 2.Frenchman_______
3.American_____ 4.Egypitan__________
5.German_______ 6.Australian______
7.Photato_________ 8.tomato______
9.photo__________ 10.piano__________
11.kgaroo_________ 12.bamboo_______
13.woman driver____ 14.apple tree_______
1.Japanese 2.Frenchmen 3.Americans 4.Egyptians
5.Germans 6. Australians 7.potatoes 8 tomatoes
9 photos 10.pianos 11. kangaroos 12.bamboos
13. women drivers 14.apple trees
突破方法
近几年中考对名词的考查越来越注重在具体语言环境下词义的区别,有些词的词义很容易混淆。解答此类题要知道不同的名词所表达的具体含义,并能辨析它们之间的差异,这就需要考生准确记忆名词词义并在鲜活的语言环境中加以正确运用。
例1 (天津,24) In 1998,Liu Xiang's_______in hurdling was
noticed by Sun Haiping.
A.ability B.trade C.electricity D.memory
【答案】A
【解析】句意:在1998年,刘翔在跨栏赛跑方面所具备的
能力被孙海平注意到。本题考查名词词义辨析。ability能力;trade 贸易;electricity电;memory记忆。根据句意可知选择A项。
例2 (浙江杭州,19)I am tired.This is not the right _____to
ask me to go for a walk
A.moment B.chance C.place D.season
【答案】 A
【解析】句意:我累了。这不是叫我外出散步的合适时刻。
本题考查名词词义辨析。moment时刻;chance机会;place地方;season季节。由上句I am tired.可知选A。
方法二“可数名词与不可数名词运用”口诀法
分辨可数名词和不可数名词的八句歌诀:
可数不可数好分辨,名词所示物分两半。
如每半不能叫原名,那该词可数最公平。
每半还能把原名叫,不可数名词就遇到。
有的名词是两面堵,意变不可数为可数。如:
如:
bike(自行车),如果把一辆自行车分成两半,每半只能叫自行车的一部分,不能再叫自行车,所以bike是可数名词。
water(水),如果把一杯水分成两杯,每杯仍可叫水,因此water是不可数名词。
orange(橘汁),如果把一瓶橘汁分成两瓶,每瓶还可以叫橘汁,故orange(橘汁)为不可数名词;但意为“橘子”时,是可数名词
例(湖北黄冈,33)——What would you like to drink,girls?
-______,please.
A.Two glass of water
B.Two glass of waters
C.Two cups of tea
D.Two cups of teas
【答案】C
【解析】句意:—想喝点什么,女孩们?——请来两杯茶。本题考查不可数名词量的表示方法。tea和water都是不可数名词,因此不能加-s。而glass和cup均为可数名词,两杯是复数,应用复数形式,所以选C。
方法三“名词所有格”解题技巧
在中考中,关于名词所有格的考查通常围绕-'s所有格。
所有格又分为共有的所有格与分开的所有格。在解题时要看所有格后面跟的名词是单数还是复数,如果是单数名词,则使用共有的所有格;如果是复数名词,则使用分开的所有格。此外以“-s”结尾的复数名词所有格只加“””就可以了。
例(山东临沂,19)I live near the station.It's only about five___________ walk.
A . minute's B . minute C.minutes' D.minutes
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我住在车站附近。只有大概步行五分钟的路程。本题考查名词所有格的用法。以-s结尾的名词复数的所有格一般在末尾直接加“”,根据题意可知答案为C项。
专题2 代词
【课标解读】
考点
要求
人称代词
掌握
物主代词
掌握
反身代词
理解
不定代词
掌握
指示代词和It的用法
理解
【分析解读】
分析解读代词是中考必考的知识点之一,重点考查人称代词、物主代词和不定代词的用法,而且常设置情景干扰。
考生在备考时要注意总结归纳易混代词的区别,把握代词在特殊语境中的意义和功能,理清思路,明确各替代词所指代的事物要学会寻找有效的切入点,准确排除错误选项。
【知识方法】
主格
人称代词
宾格
形容词性物主代词
物主代词
名词性物主代词
第一人称反身代词
代词的分类 反身代词 第二人称反身代词
第三人称反身代词
指示代词 (this that these those)
普通不定代词
不定代词
复合不定代词
疑问代词(who whom those what which)
关系代词(who whose whom that which )
相互代词(each other one another )
代词It的特殊用法
知 识 清 单
考点一 人称代词
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
一、 代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词、无主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词和相互代词。
二、 代词的用法
1. 人称代词:人称代词是指人的代词,有性、数、格的区别。表示“我” “你” “他” “我们” “你们” “他们”。请看下表:
数
格
人 称
单 数
复 数
主 格
宾 格
主 格
宾 格
第一人称
I
me
we
us
第二人称
you
you
you
you
第三人称
He/She
Him/Her
they
them
(1) 人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如:
She is my English teacher.
(2) 宾格在句中作宾语。例如:
They don’t want me to go there alone.
Don’t worry. I can look after her.
(3) 宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。
例如:--- Who’s that? --- It’s me.
注意:①人称代词we, you, they 可以用来表示一般人。例如:
You cannot go into the hall with slippers.
不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。
②人称代的主格作表语,一般都在正中的谈话中, 表示强调。例如:
It was he who took away the necklace.
是他拿走了那条项链。
③人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。 例如:
The ship is leaving. She’s on her first trip to Boston.
轮船要起航了。 这时她第一次去波士顿。
④It作为人称代词时,可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。 例如:
It is about 10 kilometers from here.
离这儿大约有10公里。
⑤It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语,来代替由不定式,动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语, 以避免句子头重脚轻。例如:
It is not easy to learn English well.
It is good for you taking a walk after supper.
I found it difficult to sleep.
⑥英语里当主语是并列的几个人时,人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同, I 在最后, you 在最前;但是, 当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反,I 在最前, you在最后。 例如:
You, he and I are all the winners.
I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.
考点二:物主代词
物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。
词 义
类 型
我的
你的
他的
她的
它的
我们的
你们的
他/她/它们的
形容词性物主代词
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
名 词性物主代词
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
(1)形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语, 后面跟名词。例如:
To our surprise, he has passed the exam.
(2) 名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征, 在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如:
May I use your bike? Mine is at school. (作主语)
Whose glasses are these? They are hers. ( 作表语)
My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours? (作宾语)
(3)名词性物主代词可以与of 连用,相当于”of+名词所有格”表示部分概念或带有一定的感情色彩 例如:
A friend of ours are waiting for us.
He is a friend of mine
考点三:反身代词
反身代词:用来表示“某人自己”的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示:
词 义
数
我(们)自己
你(们)自己
他/ 她/ 它 自 己 / 他 们 自 己
单 数
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
复 数
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
(1)反身代词在句中常用宾语,主语或宾语的同位语。例如:
Her sister is too young to dress herself. (作宾语)
He himself is always making such mistakes. (主语同位语)
You’d better ask your wife herself. (宾语同位语)
(2) 反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配,例如:
teach oneself 自学
learn by oneself 自学
enjoy oneself过得愉快;玩得高兴
help oneself to 随便吃/用
come to oneself 苏醒
hurt oneself 受伤
by oneself 独自
考点四 不定代词
初中阶段常用的普通不定代词,表格如下:
some;any
few;little
none;
one;
other
many;much
either;neither
each
both;all
2.普通不定代词的用法
(1)some与any
some和any均表示“一些”,既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词;some一般用于肯定句中,any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中。但在疑问句中,当表示说话人希望得到肯定回答或表达请求、建议时应用some。如:
There aren't any students in the classroom.
Look! Some boys are playing football.
-Would you like some coffee?
-Yes, please.
(2)many与much
many修饰可数名词复数,还可以与表示程度的副词so,too,as,how连用。much修饰不可数名词,也可以与表示程度的副词so,too,as,how连用。如:
How many bottles of water do you need?
He never eats so much breakfast.
(3)either与neither
either 指两个之中的一个,neither指两个人或物中一个也不,常构成固定结构either/neither of+名词(或代词)的复数+谓语动词;当eitheror和neithernor连接两个主语时,谓语动词应与离它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。如:
Neither of the books is good.
Neither you nor he is wrong.
(4)both与all
both表示“两者都”,常与and连用;all指“三者或三者以上都”,常与of连用。如:
Both she and I are students.
Both plans are good.
Jim, Lucy and Lily all agree to stay here.
(5)each与every(限定词)
each和every都表示“每一”。each强调个体,当它作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;every强调整体情况,修饰名词时谓语动词也要用单数形式。另外,each指两个或两个以上的人或事物,而every指三个或三个以上的人或事物。如:
There are trees on each side of the road.
Every student in Class 5 passed the exam.
Each of us wears a yellow T-shirt.
We each wear a yellow T-shirt.
(6) 区别other;the other;others;the others;another
不定代词
意义
用法说明
other
另外的
只作定语,常与复数名词连用;但如果前面有the,some,any,each,every,no,my,your,his等,则可与单数名词连用
the other
两者中的另一个
常与one连用,构成“one,the other…”;作定语修饰复数名词时,表示“其余的全部”
others
另一些
泛指别的人或物(但不是全部),不能作定语,可以构成someothers
the others
其余的
特指其余所有的人或物
another
另一个
指三者或三者以上中的任何一个,用作限定词或代词
3.复合不定代词
(1)初中阶段常用的复合不定代词,列表如下:
Somebody
(某人)
anybody
(任何人)
nobody
(没有人)
everybody
(每个人)
someone
(某人)
anyone
(任何人)
no one
(没有人)
Everyone
(每个人)
something
(某事)
anything
(任何事)
nothing
(没有东西)
everything
(每一件事)
如:
Do you have anything special to tell me today?
今天你有什么特别的事告诉我吗?
Listen to me , boys and girls . I have something to tell you .
同学们,听我说,我有一些事情要告诉你们。
(2)当句子陈述部分的主语是指人的复合不定代词,如everybody, nobody, anyone等时,其反意疑问部分的主语通常用代词they;当句子陈述部分的主语是指物的复合不定代词,如every-thing, anything, something, nothing等时,其反意疑问部分的主语通常用代词it。如:
Everybody is here, aren't they?
Everything is ready, isn't it?
(3)当形容词或else修饰复合不定代词 something,
everything,everyone等时,形容词或else必须放在这些词的后面。如:
Xiaoming, he has something important to tell you.
小明,他有一些重要的事情要告诉你。
Can you find anyone else?
你能再找其他人吗?
(3) everyone的意思等同于everybody,只能指人;every one既可指人也可指物,还可以和of短语连用。
如:I'd like everyone to be happy.
我希望人人都幸福。
I have kept every one of her letters.
我把她的每一封信都保存了下来。
考点五 指示代词和it的用法
指示代词:表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表
这,这个
那,那个
这些
那些
This
that
these
those
指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如:
Those are my parents. ( 作主语)
Throw it like that. (作表语)
The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket. ( 作表语)
These pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定语)
注意:(1)前面刚刚提到过的东西, 常用that, those 表示。 例如:
I’m sorry to hear that.
( 2 )下文将要提到的事情, 可用these, this 表示, 起启下的作用。 例如:
Tell the children to do like this: knock the stick into the earth first, then tie the tree to it.
(3)this/these
①近指。如:
This is my pen.
These are my books.
②指下文要提到的事。如:
Please remember this: No pain, no gain.
(2)that/those
①远指。如:
That's her bike.
②指前面刚刚提到过的事。如:
He was ill . That was why he didn't go to school .
3.打电话时用this介绍自己,that询问对方。如:
This is Mike speaking.
我是迈克。
Who's that ?
你是谁?
4.代词it
(1)指代前面提到过的事物。如:
The book on the desk is not mine. It is Jim's.
(2)代替指示代词this或that。如:
——What's that?
——It is a pencil
(3)指代婴儿或不明身份的人。如:
Someone is knocking at the door.Please go and see who it is.
(4)指代时间或季节。如:
——What's the time now?
- It's ten o'clock .
(5)指代天气。如:
——What's the weather like today?
——It's sunny .
(6)指代距离。如:
How far is it from your school to your home?
5.it,one,that作替代词时的区别
(1)it特指上文提到的同一事物。如:
The book is mine. It's very interesting.
这本书是我的,它很有趣。
(2)one泛指上文提及的同类事物中的一个,同类而不物。如:
——Who has a pen?谁有钢笔?
—I have one.我有一支。
(3)that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以重复。如:
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter
冬天北京的天气比广州的天气冷。
考点六:疑问代词
疑问代词:用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。常用的有:who, what, which, whose, whom, 在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、表语。
作主语: What make you so happy?
作宾语: Who / Whom is your manager talking with?
在口语中, 作宾语时 who和whom可以通用,但在介词后面只能用whom.例如:
About whom they are talking just now?
作定语: Which subject do you like best?
作表语: What’s your mother.
考点七:相互代词
相互代词:用于表示相互关系的代词。 常用的有:each other, one another. 相互代词可以作宾语、定语。例如:
We should help each other.
The villagers have looked after one another these year.
相互代词后可以加’s,表示所有关系。 例如:
We put the presents in each other’s stocking.
题组训练代词填空
1__________of us went to see the film because we had money to buy tickets yesterday.
2.Tom and his father are__________ at work now.
3.__________if them is right
4 He is taller than__________ __________
5.Some students like pop music while __________don't in their school.
6.I want some __________books besides this dictionary.
7.___________(我们)love our country.
8.—Who is it?
—It's__________(我).
9.—This is my dictionary.Where is_____(你的)?
——It's over there , on the bed .
10.The little boy is too young to look after__________ (他自己).
11.__________(谁)are you talking to?
12.__________(谁的)book is this?
13-Would you__________like some apples ?
-Yes,please.
14.There are too __________(很多) mistakes in your exercises.
15.Either you or___________(我)am going to America.
16Is there__________ in the cup?杯子里有东西吗?
——No,there is __________(什么都没有)
【答案】
1.All 2.both 3.Neither 4.any other 5.others 6.other
7.We 8.me 9.yours 10 himself 11 Who/Whom 12.Whose13.some 14.many 15.I 16.anything;nothing
专题3 冠词
【课标解读】
考点
要求
不定冠词
掌握
定冠词
掌握
零冠词
掌握
【分析解读】
分析解读冠词的基本用法、具体语境中的活用以及习语和固定搭配中冠词的使用一直是考查的重点。试题的语境设计更趋于真实,有一定的创新性及时代感。另外,冠词与名词常常会结合在一起考查。
备考时,考生除了记一些规律性的知识,更应重视冠词的特殊用法以及在具体语境中的活用,比如:可将常见的可以具体化的象名词进行归类。
【知识方法】
用于可数名词前,表示数量
用于序数词前
不定冠词的用法
用于固定搭配
the表示特指
the表示“独一无二”
The+序数词
The+形容词最高级
冠词 the+年份的复数 表示年代
定冠词的用法 其他用法 西洋乐器 前加the
由普通名词构成的专有名词前
“the+形容词表示一类人”
固定搭配中的定冠词
知 识 清 单
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an )和定冠词 (the)
考点一 不定代词
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
1.不定冠词a,an的基本用法
词前
用法
示例
在叙述时用于第一次提到的人或物前
This is a book
指人或事物的某一类别,以区别 于其他种类
A plane is a machine that can fly.
泛指某人或某物
A young man is waiting for you.
用在某些物质名词或抽象名词
前,表示“一阵、一份、一类、一 场”等
There' ll be a strong wind in South China.
用于可视为一个整体的两个名词前
a knife and fork
“a+序数词”表示“又一,再一”
The cake is delicious and I would like a second one.
用于表明比率、速度、价格等,有
“每一”的意思,相当于every
five lessons a week
2. 不定冠词a,an的区别
a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前
a teacher,a good student
an用在以元音音素开头的单 词前
an apple tree,an interesting story
注意:
①判断一个词前是用a还是an,是根据其读音,而不是根据其字母。
②在26个字母中,前面用an的字母有:a,e,f,h,i,l m,n,o,r,s,x,其他用a。
③要注意区别以“u”开头的单词:当“u”发/^/
音时,单词前面用an,如 an umbrella,an unhappy boy,当“u”发/ju:/音时,单词前用a,如a university,a useful tool。
3.含有a的常见固定词组
a few/little/bit一点儿,have a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/rest游泳/散步/谈话/看一看/跳舞/喝点东西/休息,have a cold感冒,have a good time玩得高兴,in a hurry匆忙,for a while一会儿,keep a diary记日记,do sb.a favor 帮助某人
题组训练 单项选择
①Last Sunday, my parents took me to the zoo. In the zoo we saw____ elephant. ______elephant was from Africa.
A.a;The B.the;An
C.an;The D.the;A
2__________ apple a day keeps the doctor away.
A.A B.An C.The
3-Excuse me, John. What's that in English?
-It's _________eraser.
A a B.an
C.the D./
4 We can have_____________ bluer sky if we create less polluted world.
A.a;a
B.a;the
C.the;a
D.the;the
点津
不定冠词a,an通常表示“一个,一种……”,般泛指任意一个。在大多数情况下,我们通过准确翻译句意来确定是泛指还是特指,从而作出准确判断。第一题第一空所在句就可以翻译为“在动物园我们看见一头大象”,第二题翻译为“每天一个苹果……”,第三题翻译为“……这是一块儿橡皮”,第四题翻译为“我们会有一个更蓝的天空……”,以上四个题可以说明翻译为“一”时,就使用不定冠词a/an。
考点二 定冠词与零冠词
一、定冠词的用法
1.定冠词the的基本用法
用法
示例
用于双方都知道的人或事物前
Give me the book,please.
特指的或上文已提到过的人或事物
Do you know the girl The moon moves around
表示世界上独一无二的事物
the earth.
用在序数词、形容词最高级前面以及对两个人或事物进行比较 时起特指作用的比较级前
The first lesson is very easy
He is the younger of the two boys.
用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妻俩
The Greens are watching
TV now.
用在单数可数名词前表一类人或事物
The orange is orange.
与某些形容词连用表一类人
We should help the old .
用于江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙
漠等专有名词前,或由普通名词 构成的专有名词之前
The Summer Palace The Great Wall,
用在表示方位或西洋乐器名称的名词之前
I like playing the piano.
记忆口诀:特指双熟悉,上文已提及,世上独无二,数最高级,普通专有名,习语及乐器。
2.用于某些固定短语中
①“in+the+年份的复数”表示在某年代
in the 1870s在19世纪70年代
2“hit+人+介词+the+部位”表示“打某人某部位”
hit him on the head 打他的头
③其他固定短语
in the morning/ afternoon/evening 在早晨/下午/晚上;
in the daytime在白天
in the end最后;
all the time一直;
at the same time同时;
by the way顺便说一下;
in the open air在户外;
at the age of在……岁时;
at the beginning of在……开始时;
on the other side of在……的另一边;
in the middle of在……中间;
at the moment现在
二、零冠词的用法
1.在一般的物质名词、抽象名词或复数名词表示“笼统概念”时,一般不用定冠词;容易用错的这类零冠词名词有:
fun,music,nature,poverty,progress,society,weather;
有些名词不能与a(an)一起使用,但在特指时可以根据情况与the一起使用。这类名词有:
advice,beauty, experience,homework,housework,work,information,new,practice,room(空间),research。
例如:He is fond of music.(一般)他喜欢音乐。
Do you like the music of the film?(特指)你喜欢这部电影的音乐吗?
3. 、球类运动、棋类、或游戏名词前不用冠词。
例如:play football/basketball/tennis/chess/bridge..
Are you going to play basketball or football?
你们是打篮球还是踢足球?
3.季节、月份、星期几、节日前一般不加冠词,但季节、月份等词前后,如有限制性定语修饰表示特定时间,其前加定冠词;如:
Trees turn green in spring.春天树变绿了。
We often go skating in the winter.
我们经常在冬季滑冰。(说话人把季节看成一年的某一部分。)
New year's Day 新年;
National Day 国庆节;
May Day 五一节
We had a terrible hot summer this year.
今年我们过了一个炎热的夏天。(季节名词前有描绘性形容词修饰时,也可加不定冠词。)
4.一日三餐前,一般不加冠词。但如其前后有形容词或从句、短语等修饰时,应加冠词。如:
We had a good dinner at Mr.Zhangs yesterday evening. 昨天晚上我们在张先生家吃了一顿丰盛的晚餐。
How did you like the dinner Mr..Jack gave us?你认为杰克先生给我们吃的晚餐怎么样?
5.可数名词前已有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格及a kind of, a sort of, a type of, a piece of等修饰时不用冠词。
Give me that pencil, please.请给我那支铅笔。
This is my book.这是我的书。
I can never get used to this kind of life.我永远习惯不了这种生活。
6 ,名词作句中的表语、同位语或补足语时,表示独一无二的头衔、职位、职业等不用冠词。例如:
1860, Abraham Lincoln became President of the United States.
1860年亚伯拉罕林肯当选为美国总统。
We all elect Engineer Wang director of our factory.
我们都选王工程师为我们工厂的厂长。
He is head of the English Department.
他是英语系主任。
7.描述交通方式时,不用冠词。如:by train(air, bus, boat, sea, bike)
例如:
My house is about twenty minutes by bike.
骑自行车到我家大概得20分钟。
I'm going to Guangzhou by plane.
我将乘飞机去广州。
8. 在部分习语中
day and night日日夜夜;
face to face面对面;
side by side肩并肩
;step by step一步一步地;
watch TV看电视;
at school/work/home在学校/在工作/在家;
at first/last首先/最后;
in trouble在困境中;
in danger在危险中;
on foot步行;
on duty/watch值日/值班;
on time准时;
in time及时;
in bed 卧病在床;
go to school/work去上去工作;
by bus/plane/ship乘公共汽车/飞机/轮船;
at noon/night/dawn在中午/晚上/黎明
catch fire,
give way,
take place,
lose heat,
at home,
by chance,
in/on time,
catch sight of,
make use of,
take part in,
catch hold of,
on foot.
考点三、 专有名词前冠词的用法
专有名词本身已具有确定特指的含义,所以一般它前面不用冠词。但是,有些专有名词本身是由普通名词构成,或本身就是个带定冠词的名词词组。冠词与专有名词的搭配可分为三种情况:不用冠词、用定冠词、用不定冠词。
1、人名前冠词的用法。
1)人名前一般不用冠词。例如:
Engels恩格斯Karl Marx卡尔·马克思,Mao Zedong毛泽东,Tom汤姆,Alice爱丽斯
2)在有一限制性定语修饰的人名前,一般要用定冠词。例如:
The girl must be the Miss Green you have referred to in your letter.这姑娘肯定是你信中所提到的格林小姐。
3)若表示与某个专有名词相仿的某人,则用不定冠词。这种情况也适用于与某地、某事相仿的情况。例如:
The little boy was moved deeply at the story of Laining and wished to be a Laining .这小男孩深深被赖宁的事迹打动,他希望成为赖宁式人物。
Old China is gone, a new China has been founded.旧中国一去不复返了,一个新中国诞生了。
4)若表示有一位姓某某的先生,而该人对于说话者又是陌生的,在该姓氏名词前也可用不定冠词。例如:
Peter, a Mr. Brown is asking for you.彼得,一位布朗先生找你。
A Miss Zhao had called you in the morning, Mum.妈妈,一位赵小姐早上给你打电话。
5)在姓氏复数名词前,表示夫妇或一家人时, 要用冠词。例如:
The Whites live in a small town near New York怀特一家住在纽约附近的一个小镇上。.
2、地名前冠词的用法
1)一般的地理名称前不加冠词。例如:
China中国, Asia亚洲, Shanghai上海, Hong Kong香港, New York.纽约
但是若在普通名词构成的国名前,则要加定冠词。例如:
the People's Republic of China, 中华人民共和国,the United States of American美利坚和众国 the United Kingdom联合王国
2)江、河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海湾、海峡等名称前,一般要加定冠词。例如:
the Yellow River黄河, the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河,the Alps阿尔卑斯山, the Tianshan Mountains天山 The English Channel英吉利海峡,the Taiwan Straits台湾海峡
3)街名、广场名词前一般不加冠词 。例如:
Wall Street 华尔街,Nanjing Road 南京路,Tian An Men Square天安门广场, Chang'an Street.长安街
3、月份、星期名称前一般不加冠词。例如:
Today is Thursday, September 10th, Teachers Day.今天是星期四,九月十日,教师节。
若这些名词前有一个限制性定语修饰时则,应加定冠词。例如:
The October of 1949 saw the great thing happen in China.1949年10月在中国发生了巨大的事件。
同时,若表示是在许多星期中的“某一个”时,这个名词前加不定冠词。例如:
I do not remember the exact date when I came to Beijing, but I am sure it was a Monday.我不记得来到北京的确切日子,但我确定是一个星期一。
4、节日、假日等名称前,一般不加冠词。例如:
New Year's Day 新年,National Day 国庆节,May Day 五一节,Children's Day儿童节
5、在朝代、时代及报刊、会议等名词前,加定冠词。例如:
the Tang Dynasty清朝, the Warring States Period 战国时期,the People's Daily人民日报 ,the 27the Olympic Games.第二十七届奥运会
6、某些建筑物、旅馆、文娱场所以及飞机号、船舶号等名词前,常带定冠词。例如:
the Summer Palace 颐和园,the Beijing Zoo北京动物园, the Titanic泰坦尼克号
例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!
1. _______ milk is food. ________ milk in this cup has gone bad.
2. ---Do you like playing _________ football?
---Yes. But I have only _________ basketball.
3. Do you know _______girl on ________another side of ________ lake?
4. There’s ________ “u” and ________ “s” in ________work “use”.
5. She says ________animals cant’s live without __________air, either.
6. His father, who is ________honest man, is teaching in ________ university.
7. Which is heavier, ________elephant or ________ horse?
8. ________ cold wind was blowing from the north.
9. He is always ready to help _________ old and ________ young.
10. ________ Greens are traveling in _________ South China.
11. Although ________ most of us like to drink beer, those who drink ________most are _______ least healthy.
12.Xiaomei saw _________ interesting film last night. ________ film was about _________ kind doctor.
13. You can have _________ second try if you fail _______ first time.
14. Tom went to _________ school as usual, but he didn’t know his father went to ________school for a parent meeting.
15. ________ knowledge begins with _________ practice.
【答案与解析】1./, the (milk 是物质名词,一般不用冠词, 但后面加上一个定语in the cup 后,使其成为特指,所以需要用定冠词the.)
2. / , the (球类运动前不用the ; 指一个物体要用不定冠词a )
3. the,/, the ( 特指这个女孩用the;名词前已有定语another;)
4. a, an, the (“u” 发音以辅音开头所以用a;“s” 发音以元音开头所以用an; 特指这个单词用the)
5. /,/ (泛指动物所以不用任何冠词; air 不可数名词,其前一般不用冠词)
6. an, the ( honest 发音以元音开头,故用an, 在大学里为in the university)
7. an, a 或the ,the ( 不定冠词a , an 和 定冠词the与名词单数连用表示种类)
8. a (物质名词coffee, food, tea, fog, rain, snow, wind等,在表示 “一种”或 “一场”的意义时,前面要加不定冠词。
9. the, the ( 形容词前加定冠词,表示一类人)
10. The ,/ ( 姓氏的复数前加定冠词the 表示一家人;在华南是in South China)
11. /, the, the ( most当大多数讲时前面不用the;后两空均为形容词的最高级,前面要加the)
12. a, the, a ( 第一空和第三空都指一个事物,第二空是特指前面提到的电影)
13. a, the (a second try 指的是第二次)
14./, the (go to school 去上 go to the school 去那所学校)
15./,/ (具有单纯意义的物质名词或抽象名词前,一般不用冠词)
练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!
一、在空白处填入a / an 或the。
1. ---Mum, what shall we have for _______dinner?
---Dumplings.
---Oh, what _______ wonderful dinner! I enjoy it very much.
2. _________ PLA was founded on __________August 1st,1927
3. _______ Kings came to us at _________ noon.
4. The scientists from ________ United States live in __________ Ninth Street.
5. The doctor to him, “Take ________ medicine twice ________day. Stay in _________ bed and you’ll be better soon.”
6. September 10th is ____________ Teachers’ Day.
7. Mr Black arrived here on __________ Tuesday morning.
8. There are four seasons in _______year. ________ first season is spring. It is __________ best one of __________ four.
9. Some people have been to _________moon, in _______ spaceship.
10. _______ China is _________ old country with _________ long history
答案
1. /, a 2. the, / 3.the , / 4. the, the 5. the, a, / 6. / 7. / 8. a, the ,the , the 9.the, / 10../,an,/ a
二、选择填空: A. / B. a C. an D. the
1. They are living ______happy life now.
2. ______bag on ______desk is mine.
3. There is ______empty box on the table.
4. Do you like ______music of the film “Titanic”?
5. On ______Saturday, I stay in ______bed till 12:00.
6. ______Browns have been to China twice.
7. Don’t make any noise in ______class.
8. This is such ______interesting story that you must listen to it.
9. Next week they will go to Australia by ______air.
10. Which is bigger, ______sun or ______moon?
Key: 1----5 BDCDA 6----10 DACAD
三、在空白处填入a / an或the。
1. This morning I bought _____ newspaper and _____ magazine. _______ newspaper is in my bag but I don’t know where I put ______ magazine.
2. I saw ______ accident this morning. ______ car crashed into ______ tree. ______ driver of ______ car wasn’t hurt but ______ car was badly damaged.
3. There are two cars parked outside: ______ blue one and _______ grey one. _______ blue one is my neighbour’s; I don’t know who ______ owner of _______ grey one is.
4. My friends live in _______ old house in _______ small village. There is _______ beautiful garden behind _______ house. I would like to have ______ garden like that.
1.a ,a, The the 2.an, a, a, The ,the, the 3. A, a, the the, the 4. an, a, a, the, a
专题4 数词
【课标解读】
考点
要求
基数词
掌握
序数词
掌握
世纪 年代和年月日表达法
了解
分数、小数和百分数
掌握
时间的表达法、生活中常见的表示法
了解
【分析解读】
数词为中考考点,但是考频不高。主要考点为基数词、序数词 分数以及hunfred/thousand/million的用法这些用法具有固定性,所以才用的记忆方法比较好。
【知识方法】
基数词的用法
序数词的用法
年代表达法
日期表达法
数词 分数的表答法
小数的表达法
百分数的表达法
倍数的表达法
知 识 清 单
数 词
英语数词表示数目或者顺序, 可分为基数词和序数词。基数词表示数量,序数词表示顺序。
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
1. 基数词的构成
1-9
11-19
整十
几十几
one
eleven
ten
---------
two
twelve
twenty
twenty-two
three
thirteen
thirty
thirty-three
four
fourteen
forty
forty-four
five
fifteen
fifty
fifty-five
six
sixteen
sixty
sixty-six
seven
seventeen
seventy
seventy-seven
eight
eighteen
eighty
eighty-eight
nine
nineteen
ninety
ninety-nine
注意:
(1)基数词1-12是独立单词,需逐个记忆。
(2)基数词13-19是在个位数词的词干后加-teen构成,其中 thirteen,fifteen,eighteen变化不规则。
(3)基数词20-90的整十数除twenty,thirty,forty,fifty, eighty为特殊形式外是在个位数词后面加-ty构成。基数词21-99的非整十数是在十位数词后面加上个位数词构成,中间加上连字符“-”。
如21 twenty-one
2. 基数词的读法
(1)在读三位数或三位数以上的基数词时,需在十位数之前(若十位数是“0”,在个位前)加连词and。
304-three hundred and four
1,342-one thousand,three hundred and forty-two
(2)阿拉伯数字每三位数就需用一个逗号隔开,从后往前数;所用的英语单词为:thousand(千),million(百万),billion(十亿),英语中没有“万”和“亿”,在表示“万”和“亿”时要按十进位法来推算。
1万可用10千来表示,即10,000。
100,000,000可写成a hundred million。
35,845可写成thirty-five thousand,eight hundred
3. 基数词的基本用法
基本概念
基本用法
例句
基数词
(表示事物数量)
从句子成分上分
析,基数词在句
中可用作主语、语)
宾语、表语等
Four of them went to the
factory.他们中的4个人去了工厂。(主语)
I want two.我想要两个。(宾
My classmate is eighteen.
我的同班同8岁了。(表语)
表示“年、月、日”的时间
The accident happened on May
表示编号
Today we are going to study
Lesson Five.今天我们要学习第
5课。
He lives in Room 801.
他住在801房间。
表示时间,几点
钟,几点过几分
It's two o'clock.
现在是两点钟。
用于四则运算
One plus two is three.
1加2等于3。
Five times six is thirty.
5乘以6等于30。
表示百分数
Thirty percent of them is water.
它们当中的30%是水。
4.hundred,thousand,million与billion的用法
(1)与具体数词one,two…或several,some,many等车用时,要用单数形式。
five hundred people 500人
two thousand books 2,000本书
many million trees几百万棵树
(2)与of连用时,要用复数形式,但前面不能再加数词。
hundreds of people 成百上千的人
thousands of factories 成千上万的工厂
millions of birds 数以百万计的鸟儿
hundreds of trees几百棵树
二、 序数词的构成
1.序数词的基本构成
序数词一般是以与之相应的基数词尾加-th构成,例如 fourth, tenth,但以下的这些基数词变为序数词时, 有特别之处。
1.one--- first, two --- second, three --- third, five --- fifth, nice --- ninth, twelve --- twelfth
2. 以ty 结尾的单词, 要先变y为I, 在加-eth. 例如:thirty ---thirtieth, fifty ---fiftieth
3. 以one, two, three 等结尾的多位数词, 要将各位数变成序数词。 例如: twenty-one --- twenty-first, one hundred and one --- one hundred and first
注意: 序数词前常用定冠词, 有时还可以用不定冠词 a/an 则表示 “又一 ”的意思。
例如:Mr Brown has a second car. 布朗先生另外还有一辆车。
He has tried a second time. 他又尝试了一次。
三、数词的应用
1.时刻的表示:小时、点钟、分钟、秒钟要用基数词。
①“几点钟”用基数词加o'clock。o'clock可省略。如: 5点钟—five(o'clock).
②“几点过几分 ”,≤30分钟”用介词past。如: 7:05—five past seven;7:15—fifteen (a quarter)past seven;7:30—half past seven。
③“差几分几点”用介词“to”。如:7:40—twenty to eight;7:45—fifteen(a quarter to eight。
④日常生活中的时间读法常常简化,直接按基数词的顺序读。如:7:05—seven o five;7:15— seven fifteen。
2.年月日的表示:
① 年份用基数词,如:1999年—nineteen ninety-nine; 1900年—nineteen hundred; 2000—two thousand;1905—nineteen o five;
② 年用基数词,日用序数词。如:1998年6月8日 写作:June 8,1998;读作:June the eighth, nineteen ninety-eight或the eighth of June, nineteen ninety-eight。
3. 世纪、年代表示法:
(在)90年代 (in) the nineties
(在)19世纪 (in) the nineteenth century
(在)18世纪30年代 (in) 1730s或1730’s
4.编号的表示:
① Lesson One =the first lesson第一课;
② Bus No.3=the No.3bus 3路公共汽车;
③ 表示住所时不用“No.”如:302房间—Room 302(读作:room three o two);
④ 如果编号的数词比较长,一般用基数词。如:Page 457第457页;
⑤ 电话号码,用基数词,如:3855633—three eight five five(double five) six three three(double three)。
5.分数的表达:
分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于“1”,分母则加“s”。如:1/3 one third,2/3two thirds;
另外:1/2 a(one)half; 1/4one fourth或a(one)quarter;3/4threefourths或three quarters。
half a second; a quarter of a second四分之一秒
6. 表示有小数的词用基数词。
5.5 five point five
12.135 twelve point one three five
7.表示百分数
5℅:five percent (per cent), 0.8℅ zero point eight percent (per cent).
8.表示有小数的词用基数词。
5.5 five point five
12.135 twelve point one three five
9.其他用法:
1)基数词+单数名词+形容词构成合成形容词。如:一个五岁的男孩a five-year-old boy;
一座800米长的桥an 800-metre-long bridge;女子400米接力girls'400-metre relay race。
2)具体数词+metre(s)/kilometre(s)/kilo(s)long / high /tall /deep /away等。如:长江长6300公里。The Changjiang River is 6,300 kilometres long.
3)表示"几十岁"用序数词,eg. 在他三十几岁时 in his thirties
4)倍数的表达:(一倍用once,两倍用 twice,两倍以上用基数词+times。如:5倍five times)。
例如:He is as tall a boy as I.
He is a head taller than I .
He is two years older than I
China is four times as large as Europe.
I am twice as old as you. (=I am twice older than you. /I am twice the age of you.)
My books are twice as many as yours.
China is four times larger than Europe.(=China is four times the size of Europe.)
I pay twice as much as it was worth.
I pay twice as much for the house.
例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!
1. _______ Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing 2008 Olympic.
A. Thousand B. Thousands C. Thousand of D. Thousands of
2. Both of the rules are broken. I want to buy a ______ one.
A. three B. third C. forth D. /
3). --- Which is the smallest number of the four? --- _________.
A. Two- thirds B. A half C. A quarter D. Three-fourths
4). Please write down the new words in the text of _______.
A. Lesson Eleven B. the Lesson Eleven C. Lesson Eleventh
解析:1.基数词hundred, thousand, million, billion 等前有具体数字时,它们后面不能加s,若这些词后面有介词of (几百,成百上千) ,thousands of (几千,数千个),millions of, billions of 前不可用数词修饰。但可用many, some, several 等修饰。故选答案D.
2.答案: B。此题主要考查序数词的运用。
3.答案:C。此题主要考查英语中的分数表示法。英语中表示分数时,分母用序数词,分子用基数词,当分子大于1时,表示分母的序数词后要加s.
4.答案: A。 此题主要考查基数词的编号。在通常情况下,名词编号有这几种表示法: 1。事物名词+基数词,且每个单词的首字母都要大写。如:Lesson Eleven;2。定冠词+基数词+事物名词。如: No. 6 Middle School
练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!
选择填空:
1. _______ of people in the world are sending information by E-mail ever day.
A. Many million B. Several million C. Several millions D. Many millions
2. About _______ of the surface of the earth _______ covered with water.
A. three quarter, is B. three quarters, has C. three quarters, is D. three quarter, are
3. It will take _______ time to finish the work.
A. one and a half years’ B. a year and half C. one and a half year’s D. a year and half’s
4.--- How long will your stay here ?、
---For ________ .
A. one and two day’s B. one and two day C. a day or two D. one or two day
5.When he moved to Germany in ______ , he was already in _______ .
A. the fifties; his sixties B. fifties; his sixties
C. the fifties; his sixty D. fifty; sixty
6.My brother lives in ______ on ______ floor.
A. six Room ;second B. Room six ;the second
C. Room six; two floor D. the room six ; the second
7.December is _______ month of the year.
A. twelve B. twelfth C. the twelfth D. the twelve
8.This took place in the ______ .
A. 1940 B. 1940s C. 1940es D. 1940th
9.It is only _____ from my home to the train station.
A. ten minutes walk B. ten-minutes walk C. ten minutes ‘s walk D. ten minutes’ walk
10.There are ______ in this building , I live on ______.
A. nine floors ,the ninth floor B. nine floor, the ninth floor
C. nine floor , nine floors D.ninth floor,the ninth floor
11.The water behind the Three Gorges Dams (三峡大坝) should be ______ higher than downstream( 下游)。
A. sixty-five meter B. sixty-fifth meter
C. sixty-five meters D. sixty-fifth meters
12. There are _______ days in a year.
A. three hundred sixty-five B. three hundred and sixty-five
C. three hundred and sixty –five D. two hundreds and sixty-five
13. ---How many teachers are there in your school?
--- __________. , but I'm not sure.
A. Hundreds B. Hundred C. Hundreds of D. One hundred
14. There are _________ doctors and nurses working hard in that hospital.
A. thousand B. two thousand C. two thousands D. two thousands of
15. --- What's one fourth and a half, do you know?
--- Yes, it's _________.
A. two sixths B. three fourths C. one three D. three sixth
16. Now children, turn to page ________ and look at the _______ picture in Lesson Two.
A. twentieth, one B. twenty, one C. twentieth, first D. twenty, first
17. Both of the two rulers are broken. I want to buy a _______ one.
A. three B. third C. forth D. /
18. December is the __________ month in year.
A. twenty B. twelve C. twentieth D. twelfth
19. --- What is the date today?
--- It's _________.
A. Thursday B. June the sixteenth C. the best day D. June fifteen
20. She knows a lot about China as she has been to China ________.
A. for the forth time B. four times C. a fourth time D. for four times
1-5 CCACA 6-10 BCBDA 11-15 CCCDA 16 –20 DBDBB
专题5 介词
【课标解读】
考点
要求
表示时间的介词
掌握
表示方位的介词
掌握
介词的固定搭配
掌握
易混介词的区别
掌握
【介词命题趋势】
1、表示时间的介词
2、表示方位和运动方向的介词
3、常用介词用法辨析
4、介词与其它词类的搭配
1)形容词与介词的搭配
2)动词与介词的搭配
3)名词与介词的搭配
【分析解读】
介词为中考的必考点,主要考时间介词、方位介词和介词的固定搭配。介词在应用中有固定性,所以准确记忆其用法和搭配是掌握介词的关键。
【知识方法】
表示时间的介词--- at in on since after by until 等
表示方位的介词--in on over to above under in front of in the front of
介词+名词
介词的固定搭配的 be+形容词+介词
介词 动词+介词
between & among
across &through& over& past
易混介词的区别 in &on
for &to &towards
after & behind
but & besides &except
In & after
to & at
知 识 清 单
介词是一种虚词,用来表示它后面的名词或代词同句中其他某个成分之间的关系。介词在句中不能单独使用,必须连用它的宾语即后面的名词或代词构成介词词组后才能作句子成分。
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
1. 介词的功能
介词是一种虚词,用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系,不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。例如:
The boy over there is John’s brother. 在那儿的那个男孩是约翰的弟弟。(定语)
The girl will be back in two hours. 这位姑娘过两个小时回来。 (状语)
Our English teacher is from Australia.我们的英语老师来自澳大利亚。 (表语)
Help yourself to some fish. 请吃些鱼。 (宾语补足语)
2. 常用介词的用法辨析
(1)表时间的介词
1)at, in on
表示时间点用at。例如:at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某个世纪,某年,某月,某个季节
以及早晨,上午,下午,晚上时,用in。例如:in the nineteenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午,下午,晚上时,用on。例如:on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。
since, after
由since和after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段,但since词组表示的时段一直延续到
说话的时刻,因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去,因而要与一般过去时连用。例如:
I haven’t heard from him since last summer.自从去年夏天,我再也没有收到他的信。
After five days the boy came back.五天后,这男孩返回来。
in, after
in与将来时态连用时,表示“过多长时间以后”的意思,后面跟表示一段时间的词语。After与
将来时态连用时,后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After与过去时态连用时,后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如:
He will be back in two months.他在两个月后回来。
He will arrive after four o’clock四点钟后,他到达。
He returned after a month.一个月后,他回来了。
(2)表示地点的介词
at, in, on
at一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某个范围之内;on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如:
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.他昨他天到达上海。
They arrived at a small village before dark.他们在天黑前到达一个小村庄。
There is a big hole in the wall.墙上有一个大洞。
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.老师把一幅画挂在墙上。
over, above, on
over, on和above都可表示“在……上面”,但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物,在某物的正上方,其反义词是under。 above也表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,其反义词是below。On指两个物体表面接触,一个在另一的上面。例如:
There is a bridge over the river.河上有一架桥。
We flew above the clouds.我们飞越云层。
They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.他们把一些花放在讲桌上。
across, through
across和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边”,但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关,表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Throgh的含义与in有关,表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如:
The dog ran across the grass.狗跑过草地。
The boy swam across the river.那男孩游过河。
They walked through the forest.他们穿过森林。
4) in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”,在某个范围以外;in the front of 表示“在……的前部”,在某个范围以内。例如:
There are some tall trees in front of the building.在大楼前有一些高树。
The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.老师坐在教室前面
3. 介词的固定搭配
介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关系,才能正确使用介词。
(1)介词与动词的搭配
listen to ,
laugh at,
get to,
look for
wait for,
hear from,
turn on,
turn off,
worry about,
think of,
look after,
spend…on…, 等。
(2)介词与名词的搭配
on time,
in time,
by bus,
on foot,
with pleasure,
on one’s way to,
in trouble,
at breakfast,
at the end of,
in the end等。
(3)介词与形容词的搭配
be late for,
be afraid of,
be good at,
be interested in,
be angry with,
be full of,
be sorry for等。
例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!
1. ---What time did you get there this morning?
--- _________ eight.
A. In B. On C. At D. From
2. He has got a chair to sit _______, but nobody to talk ________.
A. on, to B. / , with C. on, / D. / , to
Where’s Lily? We are all here ________ her.
A. beside B. about C. except D. with
Shanghai lies ________ the east of China.
A. to B. in C. on D. at
精析: 1. 答案:C.此题考查学生是否掌握了at\in \on 表示时间的用法。表示几点用at.
2. 答案: A.此题考查位置介词on 和词组talk to .
3. 答案: C. 此题考查四个介词的意思。能根据上、下文正确使用。
4. 答案: B. 此题考查学生是否掌握了表达位置的用法。在表达东、西、南、北的方位时。在范围之内用in , 在范围之外用to,相邻用on。
练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!
用适当的介词填空:
Last Saturday I was busy ______ my homework .
My teacher was very angry ______ me because I was late ______ school again.
Kathy prefers a hula hoop ______ a book.
I will invite some friends ______ my eighteenth birthday party.
How long has he worked ______ an inventor.
My uncle arrived ______ the airport ______ the morning of May 3.
I will always help my friends when they are ______ trouble.
There is nothing ______ air ______ space.
I won’t be back ______ June.
______ the age ______ twenty, he had written two books.
Mary fell ______ her bike and hurt her right leg.
He has been away ______ China ______ three years ago.
When I was ______ school, I was ______ the school football team.
I think he will be ______ two o’clock.
The teacher was given some flowers ______ his students.
Look, the birds are singing ______ the tree.
He left the classroom ______ all the windows open.
My sister is ill today. She doesn’t feel ______ eating anything.
It’s too dangerous. You must keep the children away ______ the fire.
My parents arrived ______ a cold night.
You should apologize ______ her ______ stepping on her foot.
The students are sitting ______ the table, reading the newspaper.
The city is famous ______ its football, and people there are very proud ______ their city football team.
We are doing better ______ English ______ our teacher’s help.
Don’t worry ______ me. Everything is going well ______ me.
He was late ______ school today, and she came late ______
school, too.
------ Do you know what happened ______ Peter yesterday?
------ He was hit ______ a car.
I like clothes made ______ cotton.
He will go to Hangzhou ______ his car tomorrow.
______ my surprise, the Englishman gave up halfway ______
the end.
I saw the great changes ______ my own eyes.
You look tired. Instead ______ working indoors you should be
out ______ a walk.
Wushu is becoming more and more popular ______ foreigners.
If you are able to get the tickets tomorrow, please tell me ______
phone.
There is going to be a report ______ Chinese history ______ our
school this evening.
Before 1990 there was no airline ______ the two cities.
She is dressed ______ a white skirt ______ red flowers.
It’s bad ______ you to go to work ______ breakfast.
It’s very nice ______ you to get me two tickets ______ the World
Cup.
------ Where have you been these days?
------ I have been to Bei Daihe ______ a friend ______ Canada.
------ Would you like some coffee?
------ Yes, and please get me some milk, too. I prefer coffee ______ milk.
------ When did Mr Smith come here?
------ ______ nine o’clock yesterday morning.
You must stand ______ line when you are waiting ______ a bus.
------ Jack, will you be home ______ time to see the children before they go to bed?
------ No problem.
China lies ______ the east of Asia and ______ the North of Australia.
46. If you can’t pass the exam, you’ll fall ______ others.
47. I have a swim every day ______ yesterday.
48. We all know that the earth moves ______ the sun.
49. The sunlight is coming in ______ the window.
50. This room is full______students and that one is filled______ teachers.
Key: 1. with 2. with, for 3. to 4. to 5. as
6. at, in 7. in, 8. but, in 9. until 10.At, of 11. off 12. from, since 13. in, on/in 14. in 15. by 16. in 17. with 18. like 19. from 20. on 21. to, for 22. at 23. for, of 24. in, with
25. about, with 26. for, to 27. to, by 28. from 29. in 30. To, in
31. with 32. of, for 33. among 34. by 35. on, in 36. between
37. in, with 38. without 39. of, for 40. with, from 41.to 42. At 43. in, for 44. in 45. in, to 46. behind 47. except 48. around
49. through 50. of, with
【语法过关】
1.China lies______ the east of Asia and______ the north of Australia,
A. to; to B. in; to C to; in D. in; on
2.His son suddenly returned________ a cold rainy night.
A. on B. at C. in D. for
3.Timmy goes to school __________ every day . It's 5 minutes' walk from his home to school.
A. in a bus B. by plane C. on foot D. by boat
4. Last month , students had to have their lessons by Internet ________ because of SARS.
A. on the playground B. at home C. in the street D. near the hospital
5.Today some newly-produced mobile phones can take pictures __________ a camera.
A. as B. for C. like D. of
6. Some shops open_______ 10:00 a. m. and 3 : 30 p. m, during the Spring Festival holidays.
A. at B. between C. from D. about
7. --- How are you going to the train station to meet your aunt?
--- I'm going there ________ my car.
A. by B. in C. to D. on
8.Luckily, the bullet narrowly missed the captain ____an inch.
A. by B. at C. to D. from
9.The home improvements have taken what little there is _________my spare time.
A. from B. in C. of D. at
10.They had a pleasant chat ____a cup of coffee.(北京)
A. for B. with C. during D. over
【参考答案】
1.B 表示在一个大的范围内用"in",范围之外用"to"。
2.A 具体到某一天的时间用"on"。
3.C 5 minutes' walk决定去学校的方式是on foot。
4.B 语境中"by Internet"和 "because of SARS"决定了"have their lessons --- at home "。
5.C like在这里意思是"像------"。
6. B between 后接两个并列的成分,意思是"在两者之间"。
7. B in my car = by car。
8. A。与数量连用可表示尺寸、距离等。依句意:幸运的是,子弹在距离上尉一英寸的地方与他擦肩而过,没有射中他。故应选A。
9. C。what引导的从句作谓语have taken的宾语,而从句中的基本结构为 “there is little of…”, 表示“……有很少”what 修饰little提到了从句句首。正确答案为C。
10.D.用作介词表示时间时,可作“在(做)……时(while doing, eating, etc)”。故正确答案为。其句意为:他们在喝咖啡时进行了一次愉快的谈话。
专题6 连词
【连词命题趋势】
根据对连词部分全国各地考试题的分析可知,今后该部分将是重点考查点之一。其考查重点为:
1、 并列连词的用法
2、 从属连词的用法
3、 相似连词的辨析
【知识方法】
表顺承、并列和递进---- and both and, as well as, not onlybut also
表转折和对比------but yet while
并列句和并列连词
表选择-----either .or., or
表因果----so for
知 识 清 单
连 词
连词是连接词、短语、从句语句子的词,它是虚词,所以不能单独担任句子成分。
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
连词的分类:
连词主要分为两大类:并列连词和从属连词。
1.. 并列连词
并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词,短语或句子。常见的并列连词有:
(1)表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
(2)表选择关系的or, either…or等。
(3)表转折关系的but, while等。
(4)表因果关系的for, so等。
2.. 从属连词
从属连词用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有:
(1)引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。
(3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。
(4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。
(5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。
(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, so…that, such…that等。
(7)引导比较状语从句的than, as…as等。
(8)引导名词从句的that, if , whether等。
连词用法示例与解析:
“ and”
1. He got up and left the room.
2. He went to Kunming and I went Harbin last year.
特别用法: 句型 “祈使句, and …”= If you…, you will…
3. Work hard, and you will do well in the exam.
“or”
1. Tom or I am right. (or连接两个名词或代词做主语时谓语动词依照后面的词而定)
2. Would you like coffee or tea?
特别用法: 句型 “祈使句, or…”= If you don’t …, you will…
3. Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.
“but”
1. She is sixty, but she still looks young.
2. She is tired but happy.
3. I came here not for myself but for my son.
4. Mary likes piano but Tom doesn’t (like可以省略).
“for”
1. I went to sleep soon, for I was very tired.
2. The sun has risen,for the birds are singing.
比较:表示原因,译为”因为”, 表示说明、解释。与because不同,用语解释某事的原因、动机,强调因果关系。用语回答why引导的问句。
“both …and …”
1. Both you and I are Chinese.
2. I like both sports and music.
特别用法: both…and…的否定句表示部分否定。
3. He can’t play both tennis and volleyball. 它并不是既会打网球又会打排球。
either…or…, neither…nor…
1. Either you or she is wrong.
2. Can you speak either French or English?
3. Neither the teacher nor the students like this song.
特别提示:
用either…or…, neither…nor…连接两个名词或代词做主语时谓语动词依照后面的词而定。
比较: both…and…, either…or…, neither…nor…的相互关系:
肯定句: 1. I like both A and B.
否定句: 2. I don’t like both A and B.= I like either A or B.
否定句: 3. I don’t like either A or B.= I like neither A nor B.
“Not only…but also…”
1. Not only you but also your father is coming. (连接两个名词或代词做主语时谓语动词依照后面的词而定)
2. She learns not only English but also Japanese.
【考点诠释】
一、考查表示转折对比关系的并列连词
这类并列句常用并列连词but (但是),yet (可是),while(而,另一方面)等连接前后简单句,but常译为‘但是”,“可是”,切不可与从属连词though或although一起使用。
1.but(但是,可是,而,却)
连接两个并列句,有时句中某些词可以省略;连接两个并列成分,可以放在一个句子的句首,后面不接逗号。
【考例】——Would you like to come to my house for dinner tonight?
——I'd love to,____I have lots of work to do.[北京市]
A so B or C and D.but
[答案]D。
【解析】考查转折连词。so(表结果),or(表选择),ad(表并列),but(表转折),根据句意:“我很乐意去,但我还有一些事要做”可推断选but,表转折。
It was very cold and windy, _________ those farmers were working hard on the farm.[吉林省]
A. and B. or C. but D. so
[答案]C。
【解析】考查连词的用法。 but表转折,and表并列,or表选择,So表顺接。根据句意选C。
二、考查表示因果关系的并列连词
这类并列句常用并列连词for,so等连接前后简单句。
1.for在意义上与从属连词because,since和as相同,但它们引导的是原因状语从句,而for则连接两个简单句。由并列连词for引导的分句只能置于句末,而且必须用逗号与前面的分句隔开。for分句主要是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断原因。for分句不能用来回答why问句。
2. so意为“因此”、“所以”,但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词,而so是并列连词,用来连接并列句。其结构为:简单句(原因)+so+简单句(结果)。
【考例】I have been trying my best to study English ________I want to have a chance to be a volunteer for the Beijing Olympics. [太原市]
A, until B. because C. though
[答案]B。
【解析】 本题考查连词的用法。until表示“直到……才”常用来引导时间状语从句;because"因为”用来引导原因状语从句,而though"尽管”用来引导让步状语从句。根据主从句的前后关系判断,应该选用表示原因的B项。
. Ricky caught a "bad cold yesterday, ___________ he had to stay at home. [南京]
A. because B. but C. or D. so
【答案】D
【解析】 because 因为,引导句子;because of因为引导短语But 但是,(表示转折=however,=whereas),不能够和though/although连用对不起,除了(=except) Or 和( and的否定形式),或者,否则(通常是将来时态,表示结果)So 所以,表示结果,不能够和because连用;如此引导形容词/副词。句意为: Ricky昨天得了重感冒,所以他不得不呆在家里。
三、考查表示选择关系的并列连词
这类并列句常用并列连词or (或者,否则),either..or(或是……或是;不是……
就是)等连接前后简单句。
or连接并列成分时,意为“或者,还是”;用于否定句中,意为“也不”,这时不宜用and;还有“否则,要不然”之意,相当于otherwise。
【考例】Tom ,keep away from the fire,__ you will get burnt. [河南省]
A. and B. so C. or D. but
【答案】C。
【解析】考查连词。 or是连词“否则”的意思。and表示顺承关系;but表示转折关系;or表示选择关系或转折关系;so表示因果关系。
四、考查表示并列关系的并列连词
【考例】Study hard, ________ you'll pass the exam. [长沙市]
A. or B. and C. but
【答案】B。
【解析】 考查并列连词。or表示选择,and表示并列,but表示转折。
【语法过关】
1.How did you try to get to school on time ______ you missed the school bus, Mary?
A. when B. if C. once D. that
【答案】A
【解析】用来引导时间状语从句。
2.-I'm going to the supermarket.
-Will you get me some chocolates ______ you are there, mum?
A. since B. because C. if D. while
【答案】D
【解析】"since,because,if"都不符合语境意思,"while(当------时候)"指在超市的时候(买巧克力),语意清楚。
3.Never give up, ______ you'll make it.
A. and B. but C. or D. yet
【答案】A
【解析】前后句子是递进关系。
4.Her grandparents are still in good health________ they are over eighty.
A. though B. as soon as C. until D. because
【答案】A
【解析】 语境表明两个句子是"让步关系"。
5. --- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
【答案】D。
【解析】but与前面形成转折,符合语意。而表并列的and, 结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意。
6. When I got the news that the ship would sink, I was _____ frightened_______ my legs couldn't move forward.
A. so; that B. very; that C. too; that D. too; to
【答案】 A
【解析】so --- that用于表示"如此------以致于------",so 后接形容词, that后接从句。
7. I won't believe that the five-year-old boy can read five thousand words ________I have tested him myself.
A. after B. when C. if D. until
【答案】D
【解析】not---until 表示"直到------才-----"。
8.Be careful , ___________ you will fall off the tree.
A. so B. or C. but D. and
【答案】B 【解析】or意思是"否则;不然的话",与句意相符。
9. Mr. Brown knows little Japanese, _______ he can't understand the instructions on the bottle of the pills.
A. so B. or C. but D. for
【答案】 A
【解析】 so这里表示原因。
10.---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and; and B. and; but C. or; but D. or;and
【答案】C。
【解析】否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。
专题7 形容词副词
知 识 清 单
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
一、形容词
用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词,叫形容词。
形容词的作用,见下表:
作 用
例 句
定 语
You can see a lot of beautiful flowers in the garden.
表 语
Your coat is too small.
宾语补足语
The old woman keeps everything clean and tidy.
注意:有些形容词只能作表语,如:alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如:
Don’t wake the sleeping baby up. He is asleep.
The old man is alone.
形容词用来修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词,要放在这些词的后面。例如:
You’d better tell us something interesting.
The police found nothing strange in the room.
多个形容词做定语时排列的先后顺序是:
1)冠词或人称代词 2)数词 3)性质 4)大小 5)形状
6)表示老少,新旧 7)颜色 8)事务、质地、人的国籍、用途。例如:
His grandpa still lives in this small short house.
他爷爷还住在这个矮小的房子里。
The woman bought two beautiful Chinese plates.
那个妇女买了两个漂亮的中国盘子。
形容词名词化:有些形容词前加定冠词后变成名词,表示一类人,谓语常用复数。这类词有:rich / poor;
good / bad ; young / old ; healthy / ill ; living / dead ; black / white (表示人种等)。例如:
The young should take good care of the old.
年轻人应该好好照顾老人。
The rich never help the poor in this country.
在这个国家,富人从来不帮助穷人。
表示数量的词组。如:
One day, a young man, twenty-five years old, came to visit the professor.
有一天,一位25岁的年轻人来拜访这位教授。
I live in a building about fifty meters high.
我住在一做大约50米高的大楼里。
形容词短语做定语时要后置。如:
They are the students easy to teach.
他们是很容易较的学生。
We live in a house much larger than yours.
我们住的房子比你们的大得多。
else要放在疑问代词或复合不定词之后。如:
Did you see anybody else?
你看到别的人了吗?
二、副词
英语中副词的位置和汉语不尽相同,它的位置比较灵活。通常用作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等。下面来介绍一下副词的分类方法:
多数副词都可以放在它所修饰的动词后面。如:
We are living happily.
我们幸福的生活着。
He runs slowly.
他跑的很慢。
时间副词、地点副词和方式副词一般放在句末。如:
They went to the park yesterday morning.
昨天上午他们去公园了。
I heard him sing English songs over there.
我听见他在那边唱英语歌曲。
He drove the jeep carefully.
他小心地开着吉普。
注意: 有时表示时间的副词也可放在句首,起强调作用。如:
Yesterday I got up late.
昨天我起床很晚。
频度副词一般放在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后,实义动词之前
如:He is seldom ill.
他很少生病。
You must always remember this.
你一定要记住这一点。
I often write to my parents.
我经常写信给父母。
Do you usually go to school on foot.
你经常走路去上
He has never been to Beijing.
他从来没有去过北京。
注意: 有时为了加强语气,频度副词也可放在句首。如:
Sometimes she goes to school by bus and sometimes she goes to school by bike.
有时她乘公共汽车上有时骑自行车去。
程度副词修饰动词时,与频度副词相同,修饰形容词和副词时,放在它所修
饰的词前面。如:
That’s quite early.
那很早。
I nearly missed the bus.
我几乎错过了公交车。
She did rather badly.
她干得相当糟。
否定副词一般放在动词之前、系动词be或助动词之后。如:
She seldom goes out at night.
她晚上很少出门。
I am never late for school.
我上学从不迟到。
We had hardly got to the station when the train left.
火车离开时,我们差不多/几乎到了车站。
疑问副词放在特殊疑问句的句首。如:
When can you come?
你什么时候来?
How many days are there in a month?
一个月有多少天?
What are you going to do when you grow up?
张大以后,你打算干什么?
Where were you born?
你是在那里出生的?
Why didn’t he come?
他为什么没有来?
关系副词when, where, why 引导定语从句时,位于从句之前、所修饰的词之后。如:
Tell me the reason why you did it.
把你这样做的理由告诉我。
It’s the sort of day when you’d like to stay in bed.
这是个令人恋床不起的日子。
I don’t know the place where we will go.
我不知道我们将要去的地方。
同时存在时间状语和地点状语时,时间状语一般放在后面。如:
The meeting will be held in the classroom tomorrow.
明天会议将在教室里举行。
He watched TV in his room last night.
他作晚在房间里看电视。
They arrived in Beijing at 8 o’clock last evening.
他们昨天晚上8:00到达北京。
注:有些词既可用做形容词也可副词。如:
late, wide, well, fast, easy, early 等
The road is so wide that 8 buses can go throw it at a time.
Open your mouth wide.
三. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1) 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法
原级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est
tall
taller
tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st
nice
nicer
nicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est
big
bigger
biggest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est
busy
busier
busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est
clever/narrow
cleverer/ narrower
cleverest/ narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级
important/ easily
more important/ more easily
most important/ most easily
2) 不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
Good
better
best
well(健康的)
worse
worst
Bad
ill(有病的)
Old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
much/many
more
most
Little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
3)主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
(1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。例如:
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
他没你跑得快。
Maths is as interesting as English.
数学和英语一样有趣。
(2)当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式:as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例如:
This is as good an example as the other is.
这个例子和另外一个一样好。
I can carry as much paper as you can.
你能搬多少纸,我也能。
(3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。例如:
This room is twice as big as that one.
这房间的面积是那间的两倍。
Your room is the same size as mine.
你的房间和我的一样大。
(4)倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the … + of。例如:
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
你的房间是我的两倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
4)比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如:
You are taller than I.
你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.
你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。
注意:
1)要避免重复使用比较级。
(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is more clever than his brother.
(对) He is clever than his brother.
2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错) China is larger than any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4)要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。
比较:Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
(2) most 同形容词连用而不用 the,表示 "极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
(4) " 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越 "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热。
四、最高级表达形式及用法
I、基本用法
1、三个或三个以上的人或事物相比,其中一个人或事物在某方面比其他都好,这就要使用形容词与副词的最高级。其结构为:the+形容词/副词(最高级)+其他+of(in,among)+(比较范围)例如:
This is the happiest day in my life.这是我一生中最快乐的一天。
This is one of the best novels that I have ever read.这是我所看过的小说中最好的一本。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国第二长的河流。
2、最高级的副词和形容词的比较应该有一个范围,这个范围通常由介词of,in,among+名(代)词构成的介词短语来表示。
Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers in the school.赵小姐是学校里最受欢迎的教师之一。
Of all the students, Wangbing reads (the) most correctly.在所有的这些学生当中王冰读得最准确。
They all came early but she came (the) earliest of all.他们都来得很早,但她来得最早。
II、比较级表示最高级的几个句型:
在中学英语里,最高级表示的最常见形式是“主语+谓语+the most.(est) + 比较范围。”除此之外,常见的表达最高级含义的比较级结构还有:
1)主语 + 谓语 + 比较级 + than the others
This one is much larger than the others.这一个比其它大的多得多。
He is taller than the others in his class.他比班上其他人都高。
2)主语 + 谓语 + 比较级 + than anyone (anybody, anything)else
He is stronger than anyone else in his class.他比班上的任何人都强壮。
His handwriting is much better than anyone else's.他的书法比其他人都好
3) 主语+谓语+比较级 + than any other +单数名词
I think Chinese is more popular than any other subject.我想汉语比任何的课程更受欢迎。
Tom is taller than any other student in our class.汤姆在我们班比其他任何一个学生都高。
India produces more films than any other country in the world.印度是世界上拍摄电影最多的国家。
专题8 动词
【课标解读】
【动词及动词词组命题趋势与预测】
根据对动词和动词词组部分全国各省市中考试题的分析可知,今后该部分将是重点考查点之一。其考查重点为:
1、 动词和动词词组辨析。
2、 常用动词于名词、副词、介词构成的短语动词的基本含义和引申义。
【知识方法】
+宾语
及物动词 +双宾语
+复合宾语
实义动词 不及物动词
系动词 Be、seem、sound、turn 、become等+表语
+doing
Be
动词的分类 +done
和解析 助动词 +done
Have/had/has
+be doing
do/does/did
不定代词 will shall would should
情态动词 can may must 等
动词词义辨析
动词辨析
动词短语辨析
知 识 清 单
动词是表示动作(study, find, swim 等)或状态(be, like, feel 等)的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
动词分类:动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。
一)助动词
助动词没有任何含义,不能单独做谓语,只能和行为动词一起构成谓语,帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be, do, does, did, have, will, shall等。具体用法如下:
1、助动词be的用法如下:
1)构成各种进行时态。如:
It was raining all day yesterday.
昨天整天下雨。
2)构成被动语态。如:
The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.
会议是昨天下午举行的。
3)与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如:
They are to see an English film this evening.
他们今天晚上看英语电影。
2、助动词do的用法如下:
1)构成疑问式或否定式。如:
Does he think so?
I didn’t say anything about the result.
2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调,意为“的确,确实”。如:
They do study hard.
She does love him.
He did want to help the old man.
3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如:
He has lived here for three years.
As soon as the sun had set they returned.
4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态;助动词should 是shall的过去式,构成过去将来时。如:I shall send ten letters to my good friend.
She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.
二)情态动词
情态动词本身有一定含义,但不能单独作谓语,要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有:can, may, must, need, should等。
表示能力
表示能力一般用can, could。如:Rose can speak now, but she couldn’t a week ago.
be able to 也表示能力,它和can 的区别如下:
1)表示做事的能力,两者可通用。但can 只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如:
She could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.
They will be able to finish the drawing soon.
2) 表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作,只能用was/were able to, 但在否定句中可互换。如:
She was weak, but was able to finish the task last night.
can (could) 在疑问句中与第二人称连用时,表示征求对方意见或提出请求,表示委婉语气。虽然could是can的过去式,但是could 只是表示比can语气更加委婉客气,没有时间上的差别。如:
-Could you lend me your pen?
-Yes, I can.
表示许可
表示许可一般用may/might, can/could, 而且常可互换。Might, could语气比较委婉。要特别注意:回答以might, could开头的疑问句只能用may, can 给予直截了当的回答。
-Might/Could I borrow your book?
-Yes, you may/can.
表示必需、必要
must和have to都有“必须” ,一般情况下可互换。如:You must / have to finish the work..
但他们有如下区别:
1)must 表示说话人的主观看法;have to 表示客观需要。如:
I must have a talk with him.
He has to give up smoking because of badly cough.
2) 否定式mustn’t 表示禁止,意为“不准,不可以做”;don’t have to 意为“不必”。如:
You mustn’t hit her.
You don’t have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.
注:表示推测的情态动词有表示“一定”的must, 表示“很有可能”的should, ought to 和表示“可能”的can, could, may, might。具体用法如下:
must 表示较有把握的推测,只用于肯定句,不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下:
1)对目前动作的推测,用must+动词原形。如:
You must lose in the mountain.
2) 对目前状态的推测,用must + be + 表语。如:You speak for 4 hours, you must be thirsty.
在肯定句中,表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may (might) +动词原形,might 比 may 的可能性更小;对过去把握不大的推测用may (might) have+ 过去分词。如:
The package might come tomorrow.
They may have killed the enemies.
3、在疑问句中,对现在表示推测用can (could) …+动词原形,对过去表示怀疑则用can (could) …have+过去分词;在否定句中,对现在表示推测用can’t+动词原形,对过去表示推测用can’t (couldn’t) have+过去分词。如:
It can’t be John. He has gone to UK.
4、need的双重身份
need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词,它们的用法不同,如不注意区分,就容易用错。
三)系动词
连词动词的种类
联系动词含有一定意义,它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词(短语)一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类,而且有自己的特定用法。
1.按意义联系动词有:
be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove 等,
如:Jim appears very old.
2.表示感觉的联系动词有
look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。
如:It smells bad.
3.表示转变的联系动词有
become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。
如: She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.
四)行为动词
行为动词又称实义动词,它们都含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。
1、及物动词
及物动词后一定要跟宾语,意思才能完整。如:
My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.
2、不及物动词
不及物动词意义完整,不需带宾语,但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时,必须先加介词后加宾语。如:
He only worried about his daughter.
专题9 动词短语
考点一、常见的动词词义辨析
到达
get
get to +地点名词
reach
及物动词、后面可直接加地点名词
arrive
in+大地点、at+小地点
借
borrow
表示“借入”常用结构borrow sth from sb
keep
表示长时间的借,持有某物一段时间
lend
表示“借出”常用结构:lend sth to sb
看
see
表示看的“结果”
watch
观看比赛、结果
look
表示看的“动作”常用“look at +人/物”
read
表示 看书/报
拿
take
表示“拿去、带走”
bring
表示“拿来、带来”
fetch
去取 去拿 表示“往返拿东西”
carry
“提、拿、搬”多指用力移动,没有方向感
说
talk
同sb说话,常用talk to/with sb
say
常跟直接引语和间接引语,表示说话的内容
speak
做及物动词时,表示说某种语言
tell
告诉某人,也可作讲故事
穿
wear
表示穿的状态
put on
表示穿的动作
dress
Dress sb 给某人穿衣服。Dress sb up 装扮某人
花费
spend
主语是人 表示花费时间/金钱sb spend time/money on sth.或者sb spend time/money in doing sth
cost
主语是物 表示 花费
pay
pay for 表示付款
take
花费一段时间做某事 It takes/took sb some time to do sth
找
look for
找的过程
find
找的结果
听
Listen to
听的动作
hear
听的结果
考点二、动词短语辨析
一、 由两个或者两个以上的 词(以动词为中心)在一起构成的短语就是动词短语,常见如下:
1. 动词+介词
laugh at 嘲笑
ask for 请求
worry about 担心
talk about 谈论
agree with 赞成
2. 动词+副词
pick up 捡起
stay up 熬夜
grow up 长大
look out 向外看
3.动词+名词
make progress 取得进步
make faces 做鬼脸
4. 动词+名词+介词
make friends with 和sb 交朋友
give one’s life to.. 献身于..
5. 动词+副词+介词
stay away from 远离
get along with 进展 相处
6. 动词+介词+名词
go to school 去上学
go to bed 上床睡觉
考点三、常见的动词短语
1. take 短语
take up 占据
take off起飞;脱掉
take out 拿出来
take away 带走;拿走
take place发生
take care of 照顾
take down写下;记下
take part in 参加
2. make 短语
make a decision做出决定
make a mistake 犯错
make a living 谋生
make up 组成;构成
3. turn 短语
turn on打开
turn off 关闭
turn up开大;调高
turn in 上交
turn down调低;关小
turn out结果是
4. give 短语
give up放弃
give in屈服;让步
give away捐赠
give out 散发;分发
give off 发出(光、热等)
5. get短语
get to 到达
get up起床;起来
get over克服
get ready for为……做准备
get together 相聚
get on 进展
get off离开
6. keep短语
keep out 留在外面
keep off 使……不接近;回避某话题
keep healthy 保持健康
keep up with 并驾齐驱;跟上
keep in touch 保持联系
7. put短语
put up搭建;张贴
put on 穿上;上演
put off 推迟
put out 熄灭
put down写下;记下
put away 把……收起来
put up with 容忍
8. look短语
look at看
look for寻找
look through 浏览
look around 环顾
look after 照顾
9. come短语
come on 加油;快点
come out出现;出版
come over短暂造访
come along 出现
10. go短语
go on 继续
go away走开;离开
go back 回到
go by(时间)流逝
go over仔细检查
go off 爆炸
专题10 情态动词
【语法回顾】
1 情态动词的语法特征
1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2) 情态动词除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4)情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。
常见的情态动词有:can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。
【情态动词概况】
1.情态动词也是“辅助性”动词,用来表示说话人的语气或情态。情态动词所表示的情态有:请求、命令、允诺、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、义务、能力等。
2.情态动词本身有词义,但词义不完全,不能单独用作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,且后面只跟动词原形。如:
她会唱英文歌曲。
She cans sing an English song.(F)
She can sings an English song.(F)
She can sing an English song.(T)
3.有些情态动词的过去时与其原形相同,有些与原形不同。
(1) 与原形相同的有:
must --- must ought to --- ought to
(2) 与原形不同的有:
can --- could will --- would
may --- might shall --- should
need --- needed dare --- dared have to --- had to
4.大多数的情态动词后面可以用动词不定式(多不带to)的进行时、完成时或被动形式,如:may, can, must等。
(二)情态动词的种类:(见下表)
原 形
过去式
词 义
can
could
能
may
might
可以(或许)
must
must(had to)
必须(不得不)
will
would
愿意
shall
should
应该
need
needed
需要
dare
dared
敢于
(三)情态动词的否定形式:
cannot --- can’t could not --- couldn’t may not--- mayn’t
might not--- mightn’t must not --- mustn’t will not --- won’t
would not --- wouldn’t need not --- needn’t shall not --- shan’t
should not --- shouldn’t ought not --- oughtn’t dare not --- daren’t
(二)情态动词
情态动词本身有一定含义,但不能单独作谓语,要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有:can, may, must, need, should等。
1.can与could
1). can
(1)表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”,也能表示根据客观条件能做某事的“能力”。
He can drive.
Can you jump as far as he did?
I can’t catch up with Jim.
can与be able to二者都表示“能够”,区别是:can只有现在时和过去式,而be able to可用于各种时态。如:
I’ll be able to speak French in half a year.
He hasn’t been able to finish it on time.
(2)表示允许:
You can go now.
Can I use your bike?
(3)表示推测:
Who can it be?
It can’t be true.
can表示猜测或怀疑只用于疑问句及否定句中。
can 和be able to
1)can/could 表示能力;可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。例如:
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2)只用be able to的情况:
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时,用was/were able to,不能用could。例如:
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲。
注意:could有时不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。例如:
--- Could I have the television on? 我能看电视吗?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 可以/不可以。
2)在否定句、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。例如:
He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。
2). could
(1)can的过去式,表示过去有能力及过去的可能性。
He couldn’t climb up the mountain.
The news could be true.
(2)表示客气地请求或委婉地陈述意见。
Could you go skating with me tomorrow?
I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer tonight.
(3)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度
How could he say that?
He couldn’t be in Beijing.
2.may与might
1). may
(1)表示请求、许可、可以
—May I use your dictionary?
—Yes, please/certainly.
May I come in?
(2)表示推测说话人的猜测,认为某一事情“或许”或“可能”发生。
It may rain this afternoon.
I may leave for Hangzhou next week.
(3)may用于感叹句中可以表示祝愿或愿望。
May you do well!
May you have a good time!
2). might
(1)用作may的过去式。
We didn’t know that he might be our new teacher.
The accident might happen the day before yesterday.
(2)替代may来表示现在时间的动作,主要于推测(但其可能性比may更低)。
I’m afraid it might snow tomorrow.
You might meet him at the conference.
The movie might have finished now.
(3)委婉地表示请求(不是过去式)。
Might I ask you a question?
Might you go there with me?
3.must
(1).表示义务,命令或必要。
Soldiers must obey orders.
We must be strict with ourselves.
(2).表示肯定的推测:一定
He must be at home.(对现在的猜测)
I think you must have made a mistake.(对过去的猜测)
He must be our new teacher.
He can’t be our new teacher.
(3)此外还要弄清楚must与have to的区别
4.will与would
1). will
(1)表示意愿、决心。此时可用于各种人称。
He won’t come to see you.他不愿来见你。(表示意愿)
I will try my best to catch up with her.我将尽最大努力赶上她。(表示决心)
(2)表示请求,此时仅限于“will you (please)…?”句型中,仅用于第二人称和疑问句中。
Will you please buy me an English-Chinese dictionary when you go to the bookstore?
Will you have some rice?
2). would
(1)will的过去式,表示过去的意愿和决心。
He said he would do everything for her, but she said she would never see him again.
They believed that we would help them.
(2)用于现在时,表示委婉地提出请求,建议或看法。此时would的用法比will更加委婉。
Would you please show me the way to the museum?
I would like to say something about it.
will和would用于“劝某人接受……”时,只能用some,不能用any。如:
Would you like some fish? 吃点鱼好吗?
5.shall与should
1) shall
征求对方意见或请求,用于第一、三人称。表示“要不要……?”、“……好吗?”
Shall I open the window?
Shall the doctor come?
2) should
(1)should意思是“应该”,表示劝告或建议(=ought to)
You should wash your hands before dinner.
We should help each other.
(2)用来表示可能性或猜测。
He should be in the office now.
I should be right.
(3)should有时能表示说话人的情感等。
It’s funny that they should be confident.(表示轻视)
Why should I do that for you?(表示不满)
(4)should后接动词不定式(不加to)时,若用于肯定句,表示某件事本应该完成却未完成;若用于否定句,则表示某事不该发生却发生了。
You should have told us the truth.(应该告诉却没有)
He should have known the importance of it.应该知道却不知道)
We shouldn’t have left so early.(不应该早出来,可已经做了)
6.need
1)need意思是“需要,必须”,主要用于否定句和关系问句中。
You needn’t come so early.
Need I take part in the Party?
2) need引导的疑问句,肯定回答时多用must,否定回答时用needn’t。
Need he come?
Yes, he must.
No, he needn’t.
3) need后接名词做宾语时,表示“需要”某件事物,此时用作实义动词,与一般的实义动词用法完全一样。如:
We need three apples.
He doesn’t need so many books.
7. ought
ought只有一种形式,后面常与to连用,意思是“应该”。
You ought to visit us often.
Sorry, I ought to leave now.
在表示“应该”时,ought to的语气比should要强,比must稍弱。
8. dare
1) dare意思是“敢”,用于肯定结构中时,后接加to的动词不定式。
The boy dared to climb up the tree.
She should dare to question her teacher.
2)dare用于否定句或疑问句中时,与大多数的情态动词一样,后接不带to的动词不定式。
Don't dare do that again!
The poor girl dare not go home.
9.had better
You had better see a doctor.
You had better not leave now.
Had I better wait for her?
专题11 非谓语动词
构成 :(to) +动词原形
做主语
不定式 做宾语
功能 :除谓语外的任何的成分 做宾语补足语
做定语
做状语
构成:v-ing
动名词
非谓语动词
功能:主语、宾语、表语、定语
构成:v.-ing /v.-ed(规则变化)
分词
功能:表语 、宾语补足语、定语、状语
知 识 清 单
动 词 不 定 式
不定式:to + 动词原形
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
动词不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”,有时可以不带to。动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍可保留动词的特点,即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。如:to read the newspaper, to speak at the meeting 等
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,因此在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语:
句法作用
例 句
作宾语
She wanted to borrowed my radio.
They began to read and write.
作状语
She went to see her grandma last Sunday .
He came to give us a talk yesterday.
作宾语补足语
Lucy asked him to turn off the radio.
She asked me to speak more loudly
Jim told Ling Feng to go home at once .
The father made his son study hard.
作定语
Have you got anything to say?
I had something to eat this morning .
作主语
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
注:作主语用的动词不定式常常为it替代,动词不定式(或短语)放在后面。例如:
It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
It took us three days to do the work.
动词不定式的否定形式由“not+动词不定式”构成. 如:
Tell him not to be late.
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.
4) 不定式省去to的情况: 在感官动词see,watch,look at,hear, listen to,feel和使役动词make,have,let等所接的宾语中(不定式做宾语不足语),不定式应省去to。但是在被动语态中不能省。如:
Let me listen to you sing the song.
He watched his son play computer games.
I saw him run away.------He was seen to run away.
The boss make the workers work the whole night.----The workers were made to work the whole night.
5) 动词不定式和疑问词连用
动词不定式可以和疑问词what ,which, how, where, when 等连用,构成不定式短语。如:
The question is when to start.
I don’t know where to go .
He showed me how to use a computer.
What to do is a big problem.
例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!
翻译下列句子,说出句中不定式的作用:
1. To grow plants is very important.
2. It is so nice to hear your voice.
3. My dream is to be a pilot.
4. He began to read and write at the age of five.
5. The teacher asked me to speak more loudly.
6. Tom came to see me last night.
7. I am glad to see you.
8.Have you got anything to say?
9.There are many places to see in China.
10.I asked him not to open the window.
11. I don’t know what to buy for you.
12. I saw him dance.
13. He often helps me clean the room.
14. They are too shy to speak English.
15. He was lucky enough to find his watch.
16. I want you to go there together with me.
解析:1、To grow plants做主语;
2、 to hear your voice做主语;
3、to be a pilot作表语;
4、to read and write作宾语;、
5、to speak more loudly作宾语补足语;
6、to see me作状语;
7、to see you作状语;
8、to say作定语;
9、to see作定语;
10、not to open the window作宾语补足语;
11、what to buy作宾语;
12、dance作宾语补足语(省略to);
13、clean the room作宾语补足语(省略to);
14、to speak English作状语;
15、to find his watch作状语;
16、to go there together with me作宾语补足语。
二、动名词
1.动名词的构成
动名词的基本形式为“v.+-ing”。
2.常跟动名词的词
英语中有一些动词(短语)后面常跟动名词作宾语。
收 我们初中阶段常见的有:finish,enjoy,mind,miss,be worth , be busy , practice , have fun , have trouble / difficulty(in),feel like,be used to(习惯于),give up,keep on,consider,suggest,can't help。我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆一些词或短语:
完成练习值得忙(finish,practice,be worth,be busy);继续习惯别放弃(keep on,be used to,give up);
考虑建议不禁想(consider,suggest,can't help,feel like);
喜欢思念要介意(enjoy,miss,mind)。
3.注意含有介词to的固定短语
在初中阶段的英语学习中,学生常常会遇到含有介
词的短语,下列动词短语中的to为介词,其后需要接名词、代词或动名词。
①make(a)contribution(s)to为……做贡献。
②devote oneself to献身,致力于……。如:
He has devoted himself to helping disabled people.
他一生致力于帮助残疾人。
③look forward to期盼,盼望。如:
We are so much looking forward to seeing you again我们非常盼望再见到你。
④preferto比起……更喜欢……。如
I prefer walking to cycling.我愿意步行,而不愿意骑自行车。
⑤be used to习惯……;适应……。如:
She is quite used to working hard.她很习惯努力工作。
4.两组固定搭配
①prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. = prefer doing sth.to doing sth.宁愿做某件事而不愿做另一件事。如:
I prefer to learn English rather than play the piano on Sundays. =I prefer learning English to playing the piano on Sundays.在周日,我宁愿学习英语,也不愿去弹钢琴。
②need,require,want后跟不定式和动名词的区别
当need,require,want作“需要”解时,后加动名词等
于后加不定式的被动式。如:
The window needs cleaning.
=The window needs to be cleaned.
那扇窗户需要清洗。
三、分词
1.分词的构成
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词的本形式为“动词原形+-ing”;过去分词的基本形式是“动词原形+-ed”,但也有不规则的形式。
2.现在分词作宾补和不定式作宾补的区别
我们常见的动词如 see,watch,notice,hear等,接不带to的不定式作宾补,表示已经完成了的或经常性的动作接现在分词作宾补,表示动作正在进行。如:
I heard him singing in the classroom.
我听到他正在教室里唱歌。(“唱”这个动作正在进行)
I heard him sing in the classroom.
我听到他在教室里唱歌了。(“唱”这个动作已经结
I saw him going up the stairs
我看见他正在上楼。(“上楼”这个动作正在进行)
I saw him go up the stairs.
我看见他上楼了。(“上楼”这个动作已经完成)
3.现在分词和过去分词的区别
(1)在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义。如:
the exploiting class剥削阶级
the exploited class 被剥削阶级
(2)在时间上,现在分词表示正在进行的动作,过去分词表示已经完成的动作。如:
the developing country发展中国家
the developed country发达国家
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳
the risen sun升起来的太阳
4.have sb.do sth.,have sb./sth.doing sth.和have sth.done的区别
(1)have sb.do sth.意为“让某人做某事”,have可以用let,make代替。不定式往往表示一次性的具体动作,且强调动作已经完成或尚未发生。如:
The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father.
士兵们让这个男孩背对他的父亲站着
(2)have sb./sth.doing sth.意为“让某人/物一直做某事”。have可以用keep代替,现在分词(doing)所表示的动作往往具有持续进行的含义。如:
The two men had their lights burning all night long.
那两个人让灯通宵亮着。
(3)have sth.
sb.else to do sth.,过去分词(done)所表示的动作由他人(非主语本身)来完成,含有被动意义。如
The driver had his car washed once a week.
这个司机一周让人洗一次车。
专题12 动词时态
【知识方法】
一般现在时 : 谓语动词用动词原形或第三人称单数形式
一般过去时:谓语动词用动词的过去式 的形式
一般将来时:谓语动词用will/be going to +动词的原形
动词的时态
现在进行时:谓语动词用am/is/are +动词原形的形式
过去进行时:谓语动词用was/were+动词的现在分词
现在完成时:谓语动词用have/has+动词的过去分词
知 识 清 单
动词的时态
动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
1. 一般现在时
1)一般现在时态的构成:主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时,作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下:
一般情况
+s
以s, x, ch, sh 或 o结尾
+es
以辅音+y结尾
去y变i+es
2)一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和like为例):
主 语
肯 定 式
否 定 式
疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数
I am a student.
We/You/ They are students.
He/ She is a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ like music.
Many people like music.
I am not a student.
We/You/ They are not students.
He/ She is not a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music.
Many people don’t like music.
Are you a student.
Are you/ they students?
Is he/ she a student?
Do you/ they like music?
Do many people like music?
3)一般现在时态的用法:
现阶段经常性,习惯性的动作 。例如:
I get up at six every morning.
He plays tennis once a week.
现在的状态 例如:
My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.
客观真理 例如:
The earth goes around the sun.
4)常用于一般现在时态的时间状语:
often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。
例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!
1. --- May I help you, sir?
--- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______.
A. didn’t work B. doesn’t work C. won’t work D. can’t work
【答案】B.
【解析】:电视虽然是前天买的, 但坏了是现在的状态, 应该用一般现在时态。
2.______ the bus until it ______..
A. Get off, stops B. Get off, will stop C. Don’t get off, stops D. Don’t get off, will stop
【答案】C
【解析】:这是一个以until引导的时间状语从句,主句是祈使句,因此从句要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。根据句意此题应用not …until(直到……才)句型。应选C。
3.The 70-year-old man ______ exercises in the morning.
A. takes B. are taking C. took D. will take
【答案】A
【解析】:“这个70岁的老人早晨锻炼。”这里锻炼是一个经常性、习惯性的动作。因此,应选A.
2. 一般过去时
1)一般过去时的构成:
用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下:
一般情况
+ed
以e字母结尾的辅音
+d
以辅音字母+y结尾
去y变i+ed
重读闭音节结尾的单词,末尾只有一个辅音字母
双写词尾字母+ed
2)一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式(以be和like为例):
主 语
肯 定 式
否 定 式
疑 问 式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数
I was a student.
We/You/ They were students.
He/ She was a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ liked music.
Many people liked music.
I was not a student.
We/You/ They were not students.
He/ She was not a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ didn’t like music.
Many people didn’t like music.
Were you a student.
Were you/ they students?
Was he/ she a student?
Did you/ they like music?
Did many people like music?
3)一般过去时的用法:
1. 过去发生的动作。例如:
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
2. 过去存在的状态。例如:
They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday,three months ago,last year,in 1979,often,always等。
3.一般将来时
1.一般将来时表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语,如tomorrow、tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening、next week month/year、soon、in a few days等连用。
Mr. Wu will teach us English this term
这学期将由吴老师教我们英语。
I will go to my hometown next week.下周我要回老家。
2.一般将来时有下面几种形式:
(1)助动词will+动词原形。
We won't leave before nine.9点之前我们不会走。
在疑问句中,当主语是第一人称I或we时,常用助动词shall .
What time shall we leave?我们什么时候出发?
What shall we do in our English class tomorrow ?
明天的英语课上我们干什么?
(2)“be going to+动词原形”表示即将发生某事或打算、计划要做某事。
I'm going to do my homework this evening.
我打算今晚做我的家庭作业。
Who is going to speak first?谁先发言?
(3)come、go、start、leave等动词常用进行时态表示按计划将要发生的事。
I am going to Beijing this Sunday.
这周日我要去北京。
(4)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来要发生的事。
I'll give the note to him as soon as he comes back.他一回来我就把这张便条交给他。
四、现在进行时
1.现在进行时由“助动词am/is/are+现在分词”构成,表示现在正在进行的动作。其时间状语为now或现在的具体时刻,也可从上下文体现出来。
-What are you doing?
-I'm reading a book .
你在干什么?
——我正在看书。
He is watching TV now.现在他正在看电视。
2.“连系动词+介词/副词”也可表示正在进行的
动作。
He is at work.他正在工作
3. 表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词,如hope smell、hear、see、like等一般不用进行时态。
五、过去进行时
过去进行时由“was/were+现在分词”构成,表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行或发生的动作。这一特定的过去时间除有上下文暗示外,一般用表示过去的时间状语来表示,常和at that time,at six yesterday,at that moment,this time yesterday等连用。
They were having a class this time yesterday.
昨天这个时候他们正在上课
六、现在完成时
一. 用法:
(1)动作发生在过去,强调对现在的影响。
与一般过去时的区别:
强调过去—一般过去式
强调对现在的影响---现在完成时。
试比较:
I have lost my new book.
I lost my new book yesterday.
My mother went to Shanghai.
Where is your mother? ---She has gone to Shanghai.
. I didn’t have breakfast.
I haven’t have breakfast yet.
(2)动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在有某种影响和结果。常被just、already、 yet 等副词修饰。如:
--Have you had lunch yet? --Yes, I have. I've just had it.
(3)现在完成时表示未完成。动作从过去延续到现在,还可能以后继续。通常和带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。
He has been in the army for ten years.
I have studied English since 1980.
(4)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”,表示次数:一次once; 二次: twice, 三次:three times…, ever, never等时间状语。
如: I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
I have been to Shanghai twice.
She has watched this film three times.
I have never seen more beautiful girl than she.
练 习
1. 我已经在深圳住了十年。
___________________________________
【答案】I have lived in Shenzhen for ten years
2. 我的叔叔自从1960年以来都在寻找他的女儿。
___________________________________
【答案】My uncle have been looking for his daughter since 1960
3. 我踢足球已经有两年了。
___________________________________
【答案】I have played football for two years
4. 我自从1996年就认识玛丽
__________________________________
【答案】I have known Mary since 1996
5. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.
6. I’ve known him __________ we were children.
7. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.
8. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.
9. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.
【答案】5. since 6.since 7.for 8.for 9.since
二. 构成:
(1) 肯定句: have / has done
(2) 否定句:have/has not done
(3) 一般疑问句: Have/ Has done .?
Yes, have/has. No, have/has not.
(4) 常用的时间状语有:
already
“已经”
肯定句的中间
never
“从不”
中间处
ever
“曾经”
疑问句和肯定句的中间处
just
“刚刚”
中间处
yet
“已经” 、“还”
疑问句、否定句的末尾处)
或不加任何的时间状语,但不能和表示过去的时间状语连用.
A. already和yet区别:
I have already finished my homework.
already用在_______,位于_______。 “已经”
【答案】肯定句的中间、 助动词之后实义动词之前
Have you finished your homework yet?
yet用在_______和________中,位于_______。“仍然,还,已经”
【答案】 否定句和疑问句中 位于句末
B.for 与since区别: for +时间段 since+ 时间点
I have lived in Changchun__________ two years.
【答案】for
I have been here__________7 o'clock.
【答案】 since
用since和for填空
1. ______ two years 2._______ two years ago 3. _______ last month
4.______ 1999 5._______ yesterday 6. _______ 4 o’clock
7. ______ 4 hours 8._______ an hour 9. _______ we were children
【答案】 1.for 2.since 3.since 4.since 5.since 6.since 7.for 8.for 9.since
三. have been in, have been to 与 have gone to 的用法区别
(一).have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”,常与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:since, for, how long 等。例如:
Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.
此外还有这些搭配: have been here (there) /at home (school) /on the farm
have been here (there) / abroad
(二).have(has)been to表示“曾经去过某地”,现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用,例如:
I have just been to the post office.。
Mary has never been to the Great Wall.
Have you ever been to Hangzhou?
have(has) been to 后面可接次数,表示去过某地几次。例如:
I have been to Beijing three times.
They have been to that village several times.
(三).have(has) gone to意为“到某地去了”,表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之,说话时该人不在现场,一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。
例如:----Where is Tom? ----He has gone to the bookshop.
Jack Johnson has gone to London.
四.注意
现在完成时中,非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用,通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。(就是说:有for或since 的句子里, 一定不能是非延续性代词,必须是延续性动词)。例如:
borrow → keep, buy → have, begin/start → be on, die → be dead, join → be in/be a member of-,come/arrive → be here/in, come/get back → be back, go/leave → be away(from), marry → be married(to)
练 习
1) The film began two minutes ago.
The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.
2) I bought a pen two hours ago.
I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.
3) He left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
4)He came back two years ago.
He _________ ________ _________ for __________ __________.
【答案】1.has been on;two minutes 2 .have had,two hours 3.has been away from 4.has been here;two years
专题13 动词语态
【知识方法】
被动语态的基本结构及用法
被动语态的构成及方法
主动语态和被动语态的转换
动词的语态
各种时态的被动语态
知 识 清 单
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态(The Active Voice)和被动语态(The Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,例如:
Many people speak English . (主动语态)
English is spoken by many people. (被动语态)
一、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be +及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。被动语态的肯定式、否定式及疑问式列表如下:
肯 定 句: 主语+ be+ 过去分词 +(by…) eg. He is often asked to do this work (by his boss).
否 定 句:主语+ be not +过去分词 +(by…) eg. I am not invited to the party (by him).
一般疑问句:Be + 主语+过去分词+ (by…)? eg. Are your clothes washed by yourself?
特殊疑问句:疑问词+ be+主语 +过去分词+ (by…)? eg. What is this sweater made of?
现以动词give为例,其被动语态的各种时态如下:
式
时
一 般
进 行
完 成
现在
Am / is /are + given
Am/is/are +being + given
Have / has +been +given
过去
Was / were + given
Was / were + being + given
Had +been + given
将来
Shall/ will + given
Shall / will +be + given
Should /would + be + given
含情态词的
Can / may /must +be +given
二、被动语态的用法。
1、当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者,或者指需要强调动作的承受者时,要用被动语态。例如:
The cotton is grown in that farm.。
2、我们关心动作的承受者但也关心动作的执行者,要用被动语态。例如:
Nahan was written by Lu Xun.。
3、表示科学性及客观性,在新闻报道和科技文章中用得较多。例如:
Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are too far away.It was reported that the scientists were searching for new ways to solve the problems.常见的句型结构如下:It is (was)agreed(believed/decided/hoped/thought)that大家同意(相信、决定、希望、认为)
It is(was) well known that众所周知
It is(was )taken for granted that被视为当然
It must be remembered that务必记住
It mustn’t be forgotten that千万别忘记
It is(was) said(reported,heard,told,suggested)that据说(报道、听说、告知、建议)
三、主动形式表示被动意义
英语中有主动和被动之分,并都以特定的形式出现。然而并非所有的主动句式都表示主动意义,有些句子形式是主动的,而意义却是被动的。就其在英语中的具体运用,从以下几个方面加以归纳。
1、一些表示感觉、感官的连系动词如:feel,sound,taste,look等后面接形容词作表语,形式上是主动的, 意思上表示被动。例如:
The mixture tasted terrible.。
She sound nice. She has a beautiful voice.Your father looks very angry. What's the matter? 2、有少数及物动词(do, owe欠 ,cook, print, build)等,常用进行时态表示被动意思。例如:
The meat is cooking. 。
The book is printing.。
3、一些表达事物行为、方式的动词如:wash, sell, write, say, open等,习惯以主动形式表示被动的含义。因为这样使用更简洁,更符合英美人的习惯,尤其在口语中。例如:
The shop was quite new, for it had opened only the week before.This kind of cloth washes very well。
The door opened and in came Mr. White.。
The book sells well.
4、表示“发生,进行”之类不及物动词如:happen,last,take place, break out,go on, go by, move on等,以主动式表示被动含义。例如:
You'd better wait and see what happens to him.Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the 11th floor.
Will the weather last long?
But many months went by and no one visited the island.
5、有些“系动词+分词”的结构,意思上也接近被动结构。例如:
He got wounded in a battle.他在一次战斗中负伤。
Many countries became liberated in the following months.接下来的数月中,许多国家获得解放。
6、be + 副词或介词短语,如be on, be on show, be on sale, be in(out of) sight, be under discussion等,这类副词或介词短语往往具有动词含义,相当于被动语态表达的意义。例如:
Summer wear is on sale.(=Summer wear is being sold.)
The film had been on for five minutes when I got to the cinema.(=The film had been show when I got to the cinema.)The two canoes were almost out of sight.(=The two canoes could hardly been seen any more.)。
7、不定式作后置定语的结构。当作定语用的不定式除了被修饰的词有动宾关系外,还与句子的主语或宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系,不定式须用主动形式表示被动含义。例如:
Is there anything to say?
We have a lot of things to do
注意:若不定式与句子主语或宾语不存在逻辑上的主谓关系,只与所修饰的词有动宾关系时,即只有动作的承受者,没有动作的执行者时,不定式应用被动式。例如:
He has something to be told to you.
Have you anything to be taken to him
8、be+形容词+不定式结构。此结构的不定式与主语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,因而不定式须用及物动词或相当与及物动词的短语动词。因而此结构的形容词大多数表示说话人对不定式动作的看法态度或感受等。如difficult, easy, hard, interesting, pleasant, fit,等或表示主语人或物所具有的特征,如 :nice,light,strong,beautiful,heavy等。形式上是主动的,意思上却是被动的。例如:
This text is very difficult to understand. The water is not fit to drink.
The man is very easy to get along with. The room is comfortable to live in.
9、当表示“需要”含义的动词如:need, require, want等作谓语,其主语为物时,这类动词后面的动名词要用主动形式表示被动意思。例如:
The house needs cleaning.(or: The house needs to be cleaned.)
My hair requires cutting.(or: My hair requires to be cut.)
10、worth用作形容词时,作表语,后面一般接动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思。例如:
This book is well worth reading.
11、be+形容词结构。这类形容词如:invisible, forgettable,comfortable等具有动词含义的特点。因而常以主动形式表示被动含义。例如:
Names and addresses are forgettable.(=Names and addresses are forgotten easily.)
12、there be句型中修饰主语的不定式,可用主动式表示被动含义。例如:
There is nothing to do .(=I have nothing to do.) There are questions to solve.(= We have questions to solve.)
13、be +不定式结构。这类结构如be to blame, to be let, be to seek等,具有的特点是作表语的不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系,因而以主动形式表示被动含义。例如:
The house is to let.此房子要出租。
I felt I was to blame.我觉得我应该受罚。
A better way is (yet) to seek.还得找一种更好的办法。
14、某些固定词组和句型,用主动形式却表示被动意义。如add up (to), take place; catch on ( a nail. etc.), turn out (to be), blow open, consist of, come out sth., remains to do sth. be to blame.等。例如:
His whole schooling added up to no more than a year.
Sorry, I can't go with you. Much work remains to do.
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
1) My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
→ I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
2) The school set up a special class to help poor readers.
主语 谓语 宾语
→ A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.
主语 谓语 宾语
1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词,时态要与原句保持一致。
3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语,放在被动语态里谓语动词之后,by 短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词,在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。
五.语态转换时要注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致,其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer. →A new computer has been bought.
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个不动,一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. →I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语,则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词,如上句还可以说:
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意:一般在下列动词后,常在间接宾语前用介词 to,如:bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her.
专题14 特殊句式
【知识清单】
五种特殊句型
祈使句
感叹句
陈述句
倒装句
疑问句
特殊句式---感叹句
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
感叹句是表达喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊奇、惊讶等强烈感情的句子。感叹句通常由 what 或 how 引导。"what"和"how"与所修饰的词置于句首,其它部分用陈述句语序。
一、 由"what"引导的感叹句:"what"意为"多么"用作定语,修饰名词(被强调部分),单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a/an,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。
如: ① What a clever girl she is! 多么聪明的姑娘呀!
= What a clever girl!
② What an interesting story it is! 多么有趣的故事呀!
= What an interesting story!
③ What good children they are! 他们是多么好的孩子呀!
= What good children!
④ What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花呀!
= What beautiful flowers !
⑤ What delicious food it is! 多么有味的食物呀!
= What delicious food!
⑥ What heavy snow it is! 多么大的雪呀!
= What heavy snow!
二、由"how"引导的感叹句:"how"意为"多么",用作状语,修饰形容词、副词或动词(被强调部分)。如果修饰形容词,则句中的谓语动词用系动词;如果how修饰副词,则句中的谓语动词用行为动词,
如: ① How cold it is today! 今天多么冷呀!
② How nice the pictures are! 多么漂亮的图画呀!
③ How happy they look! 他们显得多么高兴呀!
④ How well she sings! 她唱得多好呀!
⑤ How hard they are working now! 他们干得多么起劲呀!
三、在表示同一意义时,英语感叹既可用"what"引导,也可用"how"引导。
如: ① What a hot day it is! = What a hot day!
= How hot the day is !
② What tall buildings they are! = What tall buildings!
=How tall the buildings are!
③ What bad weather it is! =What bad weather!
= How bad the weather is!
④ What bright sunshine it is! =What bright sunshine!
= How bright the sunshine is!
【知 识 清 单】
特殊句式---特殊疑问句
一、特殊疑问句和选择疑问句
1.特殊疑问句
用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。回答时不能使用yes或no。特殊疑问词包括疑问代词、疑问副词和疑问词组。
what 疑问词小结:
what
what class 哪个班
what grade 哪个年级
what day 星期几
what time 几点
what color 什么颜色
what language什么语言
how 疑问词小结:
how 怎样
how long多长时间(提问时间段)
how often多久一次(对频率提问)
how soon多久以后(对in短语提问)
how many多少(提问可数名词数量)
how much多少(提问不可数名词数量,也可提问价格)
how far多远(提问距离)
how heavy多重
how wide多宽
how tall/high多高
how old多大(提问年龄)
(3) 其他以“w”开头的疑问词小结:
when什么时候;
where哪里;
which哪一个;
who谁
whose谁的;
why为什么
选择疑问句
提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种情况回答的问句叫选择疑问句。选择疑问句中的两种或种以上的情况用or连接,回答时不能使用yes或no,而要用一个完整的句子或其省略形式。选择疑问句可以分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句两种。
(1)一般选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+被选择音分?如:
-Do you like apples or pears?你喜欢苹果还是梨?
-I like pears.我喜欢梨。
(2)特殊选择疑问句:特殊疑问句,A or B?如:
-Which would you like better,tea or coffee?
-I like coffee better.
——你比较喜欢哪种,茶还是咖啡?
——我更喜欢咖啡。
特殊句式--反意疑问句
反意疑问句是附在陈述句之后,对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问的句子。反意疑问部分要与前面的陈述部分用逗号隔开,句末用问号。如果陈述部分是肯定结构,反意疑问部分就用否定结构,反之亦然。此问句可用yes或no来回答。反意疑问部分的主语要用代词,并与陈述部分主语一致,谓语动词在人称、数和时态上也要与陈述部分一致。
注意一、反义疑问句是疑问句的一种,它对陈述部分的事实提出相反的疑问,形式上是一个省略问句,附加在陈述句后,即: 陈述句 + 逗号 + 省略问句 + 问号
You are from America, aren’t you?
注意二、遵循前否定后肯定或前肯定后否定的原则 Jim isn’t in Class Four, is he?
注意三、附加疑问句必须前后两句主语相同
Mr Zhang has been here for four years, hasn’t he?
注意四、附加疑问句部分与主语不一致的若干情况如下(需牢记)
1. this 或that改it,无论是否指人
This is your brother, isn’t it?
2. these或those改they
Those are books ,aren’t they?
3. 不定代词one改one或he
One can’t be always young, can / he?
4. something、anything、everything和nothing改it
Nothing is serious, is it? (注意为什么后面用is it而不是isn’t it?)
Everything seems all right, doesn’t it?
5. everybody、everyone、somebody、someone、anybody、anyone、nobody改they或he(任选,但选定后注意单复数形式) Everyone knows this, don’t they / doesn’t he?
Nobody likes to lose money, does he?
6.each of改he或they
Each of the boys had an apple, didn’t he / they?
7. no one, none, neither, either改they 或he
No one came, did they?
8. some of…、none of …改it、they或you(联系上下文或句子)
None of the food was delicious, was it?
Some of the dustmen have come back, haven’t they?
9. 由neither…nor…、not only…but also、both…and…、either…or…、not…but…、…or…、…and…等连接的并列主语,改复数代词
Neither you nor I am wrong, are we?
Both Tom and Jack came, didn’t they?
10. 由动词不定式、动名词、从句或词组构成的主语,改it
To learn English well isn’t easy, is it?
Swimming is great fun, isn’t it?
11. the + 形容词表示一类人,改复数代词
The poor had no right (权力) to speak at the time, did they?
12. there 引起的句子(There be句型等),仍用there
There stands a house and a lot of trees, doesn’t there?
There are many children in the park, aren’t there?
注意五、附加疑问句部分与谓语不一致的若干情况如下(需牢记)(初中阶段14点18点和19点可以常识性了解)
1. have (有)改have或do
Mary has two brothers, doesn’t she / hasn’t she?
2. have (有)必须与陈述部分一致
He hasn’t a lot of time, has he?
Miss Green doesn’t have any money in her pocket, does she?
3. have不做“有”解释,必须用do
They all have a good time, don’t they?
4. have to用do或have
We have to get up early, don’t we / haven’t we?
5. have got to用have
We have got to answer all the questions, haven’t we?
6. had better用should或had
We had better go right now, shouldn’t we / hadn’t we?
7. can’t(不可能,表示推测)根据can’t或的动词选择相应的形式
He can’t be a doctor, is he?
The workers can’t have finished their work, have they?
8. may 用may + 主语 + not (英语中不用mayn’t)
They may be here next week, may they not?
9. must(必须)用needn’t
You must do it today, needn’t you?
10. must(应该)用mustn’t I must study hard, mustn’t I?
11. mustn’t用must或may
You mustn’t talk like that, must you?
We mustn’t stay here any longer, must we?
12. “must be”对现在情况进行推测作一般现在时或现在进行时的附加疑问句进行处理
2 反义疑问句
He must be happy, isn’t he?
He must be working hard at the office, isn’t he?
must表示推测时,也有用mustn’t的
He must have been working very hard, mustn’t he?
You must have told Mr Wang the secret, mustn’t you?
13. “must + 完成时”表示对过去情况的推测,作一般过去时附加疑问句处理
He must have come yesterday, didn’t he?
You must have seen the play last week, didn’t you?
14. “must + 完成时”用来推测过去的动作持续到现在按现在完成时的附加疑问句来处理
You must have studied English for years, haven’t you?
He must have lived here for at least ten years, hasn’t he?
14. 实义动词need和dear用do
He needs help, doesn’t he?
I have never dared to ask him, have I?
15. 情态动词need和dear用need和dear
He dare not say so, dare he?
We need not do it again, need we?
16. needn’t 用need或must
You needn’t go yet, need you?
He needn’t do that, must he?
17. “ would rather + 动词原形”和“would like to + 动词原形”用wouldn’t
He would rather read the text ten times than recite it, wouldn’t he?
You’d like to have some bananas, wouldn’t you?
18. “ought to + 动词原形”用oughtn’t 或shouldn’t
The child ought to be punished, oughtn’t he?
We ought to go there, shouldn’t we?
19. “used to + 动词原形” 用“didn’t + 主语”或“usedn’t + 主语”或“used + 主语 + not”
He used to live in London, usedn’t he / didn’t he?
He used to play football when he was a child , used he not?
注意六、句子中有seldom, hardly, no, not, never, few, little, nothing, nobody, nowhere等是否定句,附加疑问部分必须采用肯定形式
Nobody phoned while I was out, did they?
He is hardly able to swim, is he?
There is little ink in your pen, is there?
no one, nobody, none, nothing, neither等作动词的宾语时,附加疑问部分一般采用肯定形式(也偶尔用否定形式)
He has nothing to say, does(n’t) he?
You got nothing from him, did(n’t) you?
注意七、一些特殊句型的附加疑问句
1. I am…改aren’t I
I am your friend, aren’t I?
2. I wish to do sth或I wish I …改may I
I wish to go home, may I?
I wish I were you, may I?
3. 主从复合句,与主句的主谓语保持一致
He says that I did it, doesn’t he?
David wouldn’t go there if it rained, would he?
4. 并列句,与邻近的分句保持一致
Mary is a nice girl, but she had one short-coming, hadn’t she?
5. 表示邀请,请求的祈使句,附加疑问部分用will you或won’t you或would you等,一般只要记住will you就可以了,不遵循前否定后肯定或前肯定后否定的原则
Come here, will you?
Turn off the light, will you?
Do sit down, will you?
6. 表示告诉别人做某事的祈使句,用will you、can you、would you或can’t you、won’t you
Stop talking, can you?
Write down the new words, will you / won’t you?
7. 否定的祈使句用will you或can you
Don’t make a noise, will / can you?
8. Let me …用will you 或may I
Let me help you, may I?
Let me do it, will you?
9. Let’s …表示建议包括听话人在内,用shall we Let’s go for a walk, shall we?
10. let us …表示允许,不包括听话人在内,用will you Let us do it by ourselves, will you?
11. Let接第三人称宾语时用will you
Let him come in, will you?
12. Let’s not … 用OK或all right
Let’s not go to the party, OK / all right?
13. 感叹句用一般现在时be的形式(故事中用一般过去时be的形式)
What fine weather, isn’t it? How clever the boy is, isn’t he?
特殊句式---祈使句
祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型:
1.行为动词原形+其它成分。例如:
Make sentences after the model.根据例句造句。
2. Be动词+其它成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)。例如:
Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要小心。
3. Let+宾语+动词原形+其它成分。例如:
Let him go back now.让他现在回去吧
祈使句的否定句式
祈使句的否定句式,通常情况下在句首加上Don’t或Never,一般分为以下三种类型:
1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t,构成Don’t+行为动词原形+其它成分。例如:
Don’t say that again!别再那样说了!
2.在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t,构成Don’t be+其它成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)。例如:Don’t be careless.不要粗心。
注意:在这种句型中be不能省略;否定副词not不可置于be之后。
3.在公共场合的提示语中,否定祈使句常用No+名词/V-ing形式结构,表示禁止做某事。例如:
NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照!
祈使句的回答
祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作,所以回答祈使句时,一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时,要注意两点:一是形式一致,即Yes与will保持一致;No与won’t保持一致。二是意思相反,即Yes是不的意思;No是“是”的意思。在回答时,要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件
祈使句的回答
祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作,所以回答祈使句时,一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时,要注意两点:一是形式一致,即Yes与will保持一致;No与won’t保持一致。二是意思相反,即Yes是不的意思;No是“是”的意思。在回答时,要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。
--- Don’t go out, please. It’s raining heavily outside.
请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。
---- Yes, I will. I have to meet my brother at the airport.
不行,我得去机场接我弟弟。
专题15 宾语从句
【知识方法】
宾语从句
三大必考点:
that
1. 连接词 if/whether
特殊疑问词:when; where; who; what; which; how; how many/much/long/soon/often…
主现从不限
2. 时态 主过从四过(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)
客观真理用一般现在时
3.语序:陈述语序(主谓结构)
特殊情况:当连接词在从句中担当主语时,保持原有语序不变。
what is the matter with him.
I wonder
what is wrong with it.
知 识 清 单
宾 语 从 句
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。
1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如:
He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
他说他想呆在家里。
She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.
她不知道她病得很严重。
I am sure (that) he will succeed.
我确信他会成功。
2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如:
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?
你知道他们在等谁吗?
He asked whose handwriting was the best.
他问谁的书法最好。
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?
你能告诉我3路公共汽车站在哪儿吗?
I don’t know why the train is late.
我不知道火车为什么晚了。
I can't imagine why he did that thing.
我不能想像他为什么做了那件事。
Do you know why we have put off the sports meet till next month?
你知道我们为什么把运动会推迟到下个月吗?
当疑问代词what,who在特殊疑问句中做主语时,该特殊疑问句本身就是陈述句语序,所以当该句用来做宾语时,语序不需要调整。
What's wrong with you?
怎么了?
He asked the girl what was wrong with her.
他问这个女孩怎么回事了。
What's the matter?
怎么了?
He asked the girl what was the matter.
他问这个女孩怎么了。
What has happened to him?
他发生什么事了?
We want to know what has happened to him.
我们想知道他发生了什么事。
同类句式还有:Who broke the window?
谁打破的窗户?
Who is in the classroom?
谁在教室里?
What made him so angry.
什么使得他如此生气。
3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。表示“是否”,二者通常可以互换。例如:
Lily asked if/whether she liked it.
莉莉问她是否喜欢它。
I want to know if (whether) he lives there.
我想知道他是否住在这儿。
He asked me whether (if) I could help him.
他问我是否可以帮助他。
但语义有点区别:
1)whether强调犹豫和选择,多见于书面语中;if 只限于条件,常用于口语。例如:
Write and tell me whether I'm to come.
请写信告诉我,我是否该来。
Write and tell me if I'm to come.
如果我该来,请写信告诉我(相当于说:若我不必来,那就不用费心写信给
我了。)
2)whether可引导各种名词性从名和让步状语从句,if 只能引导宾语从句和条件状语从句。由if引导的从句,首先要弄清楚是宾语从句,还是条件状语从句,然后再确定时态。若是引导条件状语从句,谓语动词
应用一般现在(过去)时代替一般将来(过去将来)时。例如:
If you don't go soon, you’ll be late.
如果你不马上去就会迟到。
当if引导一个非真实条件句时,从句的谓语动词应用过去式(如果是be, 则不论主语的人称和数,一律用
were),主句谓语动词用“would+动词原形”。例如:
If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives would be saved.
如果每个国民都懂得急救(的知识),许多生命就会得以挽救。
3)whether和if都可以与or no连用。但if与or not之间常需要用词语隔开,而whether与or not可连用,也可隔开。例如:
Can you tell me whether or not the train has left?(=Can you tell me whether the train has left or not?
你能告诉我火车是否离开了吗?
I don't care if your car breaks down or not .
我不在乎你的汽车是否坏了。
4)下列情况,只用whether作引导词:
引导主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、让步状语从句。例如:
Whether he comes or not doesn't concern me.
他来不来与我无关。
I am in doubt whether I ought to give this plan my approval.
我决定不了是否该同意这项计划。
What I want to know is whether you can help me.
我想知道的是你是否能帮助我。
Whether we go or stay, the result is the same.
不管我们是走还是留,其结果是一样的。
5)与不定式连用:例如:
I don't know whether to accept or refuse.
我不知道是该接受还是该拒绝。
6)在介词后作介宾。例如:
I am not interested in whether you like the plan or not.
我不在乎你是否喜欢那项计划。
4.think,believe,suppose,imagine,guess等表示“认为”、“猜想”等的动词后的宾语从句
1)否定转移
在以上动词之后的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定含义,却不用否定形式,而把主句中的上述动词变为否定形式,这就叫否定转移。
I don't think the book is worth buying.
我认为这本书不值得买。
I don't believe they have finished their work.
我相信他们并未完成他们的工作。
I don't suppose he cares.
我猜想他们不会介意的。
We don't expect they will have everything done.
我们希望他们没有把事全做完。
2)存在这种否定转移现象的句了在作反意疑问句时,具有如下特点:
在宾语从句中,如果主句的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,imagine,guess等,主句主语是第一人称以外的人称时,反意疑问句应针对主句。
You don't think he can finish his work, do you?
你认为他不能完成他的工作,是吗?
He doesn't believe that we have come back,does he?
他认为我们还没回来呢,是吗?
但是如果主句主语是第一人称时,反意疑问词部分的主语和时态要与宾语从句保持一致,并注意否定转移。
I don't think you are an actor,are you?
我认为你不是一个演员,是吗?
I suppose you have been to Beijing,haven't you ?
我想你去过北京。是吗?
另外,当think ,suppose,believe,imaging,guess这类表示“认为”、“猜想”的动词作主句谓语时,常会出现一种以疑问词起头的双重疑问句。
What do you think he is?
你认为他是做什么的?
How much time do you suppose I must spend on it?
你认为我得花多少时间来做这件事?
二. 宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如:
I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.
我听说物理不容易。
I think (that) you will like this school soon.
我认为你不久会喜欢这所学校。
Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?
你能告诉我怎么到动物园吗?
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.
请告诉我我们什么时候开会。
三. 宾语从句的时态
1.若主句为一般现在时或一般将来时,则从句的时态不限可视句子意义使用所需要的任何时态。例如:
We all know chicken can't swim.
我们都知道鸡不会游泳。
Don't you think Jim is speaking too quick.
难道你不认为吉姆讲的太快了吗?
He says he will come back.
他说他会回来。
2.若主句是祈使句,从句谓语动词也可用所需要的任何时态。例如:
Show me which picture is yours.
让我看看哪张照片是你的。
Please tell us where we will go.
请告诉我要去哪里。
3.若主句是一般过去时,从句必须用过去时态的某一种。例如:
I knew she had swept the floor already.
我知道她已经扫过地了。
He asked if I was doing my homework this time yesterday.
他问我昨天这个时候是否在做作业。
4.若从句叙述的是客观真理、自然现象或永恒不变的规律时,则不受主句时态的限制,仍用一般现在时。例如:
Our teacher told us light travels much faster than sound.
老师告诉我们光传播的速度比声音快得多。
They knew the sun is much bigger than the earth then.
他们那时就知道太阳比地球大得多,
He said that one and one makes two.
他说一加一等于二。
宾语从句专项练习(一)
一.翻译句子 完成下列宾语从句:
1. Please tell me _______________________. (我们什么时候开会)
2. Can you tell me _______________. (他在哪儿)
3. Could you tell me ______________________. (我该怎么去车站)
4. Would you tell me _________________(为什么火车迟到了)
5. I want to know _____________________. (他是否跟我们一起去公园)
6. Ask him _____________________. (他是否能来)
7. I don't know ___________________________.(是否要下雨)
【答案】
1. Please tell me when we are going to have a meeting. (我们什么时候开会)
2. Can you tell me where he is?(他在哪儿)
3. Could you tell me the way to the station? (我该怎么去车站)
4. Would you tell me why the train is late?(为什么火车迟到了)
5. I want to know whether he will go to the park with us. (他是否跟我们一起去公园)
6. Ask him if he can come. (他是否能来)
7. I don't know whether it will rain (or not).(是否要下雨)
二.把下列句子变成含有宾语从句的复合句。
1. The tickets are in my pocket. The man says.
The man says___________________
2. I have joined the League. He says.
He says________________________
3. The earth goes round the sun. Our teacher tells us.
Our teacher tells us________________________________________
4. Have you heard of anything about Mei? The man asks us.
The man asks us_____________________________________
5. Can you swim? Please tell me.
Please tell me_________________
6. How can we do the work well?
I always think of ___________________________________________
7. When do you go to bed? He asks me.
He asks me _________________
8. Where did you meet Mr Green?
I want to know___________________________________________
9. What are they drawing? Do you know?
I want to know_____________________________________
10. Where do they stop on the way? I ask.
_____________________________________________________
【答案】
1. The man says that the tickets are in his pocket.
2. He says he has joined the League.
3. Our teacher tells us the earth goes round the sun.
4. The man asks us whether we have heard of anything about Mei.
5. Please tell me whether you can swim.
6. I always think of how we can do the work well.
7. He asks me when I go to bed.
8. I want to know where you met Mr Green.
9. I want to know what they are drawing.
10.I ask where they stop on the way.
专题16 定语从句
【知识方法】
先行词:名词或代词
定语从句
关系代词
关系词
关系副词
【 知 识 清 单】
定 语 从 句
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
定语从句所修饰的词 叫先行词。 定语从句放在先行词后面。定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。本章只介绍限定性定语从句。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that、which、who、 which、 whose和关系副词where 、when,关系代词和关系副词是引导词, 在定语从句中担当某一成份。
关系代词、副词
作用
先行词
例句
that, who,
whom(只做宾语)
主语
宾语
表语
人
Do you know the girl who/that is standing under a tree?
你知道站在树下的女孩是谁吗?
that,which
主语
宾语
表语
物、时间、地
点、原因
She got a computer which/that her parents bought for her.
她有一台她的父母买给她的电脑。
whose
定语
人物
The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard.
他的爸爸是医生的男孩学习非常刻苦。
The classroom whose window is open is mine.
窗户开着的那个教室是我的教室。
when
状语
时间
I still remember the day when you leave for Beijing.
我仍然记得你去北京的那一天。
where
状语
地点
This is the school where my mother works.
这就是我妈妈工作的学校。
why
状语
原因
Could you explain the reason why you were late?你能解释一下你迟到的原因吗?
二、关系代词在定语从句中的用法(关系代词作宾语时可省略):
1.that指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。
This is the pen that you are looking for.
The girl that has long hair is my sister.
2.which指物,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。
The bike which is made in Tianjin sells well.
The fish which we bought were not fresh.
3.who, whom指人,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。
The boy who broke the window is called Tom.
The person to whom he is talking is my father.正在和他谈话的那个人是我父亲。(宾语)
4.whose指人或物,在定语从句中作定语。
The girl whose bag is new is called Ann.新书包的那个女孩叫Ann。(指人)
He lives in a house whose widows open to the south.他住在窗户朝南的那所房子。(指物)
三、只用which不用that的情况:
1.在介词后只用which,不能用that。
This is the bank in which the robbery happened.这是那所发生抢劫案的银行。
2.先行词本身是that时,只能用which,不能用that。
The clock is that which tells the time.钟表是用来报时的。
四、只用that不用which的情况:
1.先行词被形容词最高级修饰时只能用that。
This is the most beautiful mountain that I have seen. 这是我所见过的最美丽的山。
2.先行词被序数词修饰时只能用that。
The first English novel that I read was Thirty-nine Steps.我读的第一本英文小说是《39级台阶》。
3. 先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, many, the only, the very, the last等修饰词时只能用that。
Here are all the books that I have. 这就是我所有的书。
This is the only book that I like.这是我唯一喜欢的一本书。
4.先行词是everything, something, anything, all, none, much, little, many, few等不定代词时,只能用that。
Finally, the thief handed in everything that he had stolen.最后小偷交出了他所偷的东西。
5.先行词同时含有“人”和“物”的名词时,只能用that。
I can remember the people and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能记得我在房间里看到的人和一些图画。
6.先行词是the one时,只能用that。
This is the one that you want. 这就是你想要的。
7.在以who引导的疑问句后,为了避免重复,只能用that。
Who is the girl that is standing there? 站在那边的那个女孩是谁?
五、在介词后只能用whom,不能用who。
The girl to whom I talked just now is from America. 我刚刚与之谈话的那个女孩是来自美国的。
六、定语从句中主谓一致的问题:
当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词的人称和数保持一致(我们要知道,关系代词所代指的就是先行词,这里有一个等量关系)。
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom是众多来自美国的男孩中的一个。
Tom is the only boy that is from the USA. Tom是惟一从美国来的男孩。
七、定语从句中的介词与副词的问题:
当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,如果定语从句中的谓语动词是不及物动词时,要加介词或副词。(定语从句中的不及物动词加介词或副词构成固定的及物动词短语后,不能把介词或副词提前到关系代词前。)
He is the old man who/whom we looked after last year.他是我们去年照顾的那个老人。
That is the book which I am looking for.那就是我要找的书。
八、关系副词when与where的使用:
1.when指时间:
I will never forget the time when we worked on the farm.我将永远不会忘记我们在农场劳动的那段时光。
2.where指地点(where=in等介词+which):
This is the house where(=in which) he lived last year.这是他去年住的房子。
九、定语从句与作定语的①动词不定式、②介词短语、③现在分词短语、④过去分词短语的转换:
She has much work that she must do.=She has much work to do.她有许多要做的工作。
The man in the car is Mr. Green.=The man who is in the car is Mr. Green.在车上的人是格林先生。
The girl watering flowers there is my sister.=The girl who is watering flowers there is my sister.在浇花的女孩是我妹妹。
The boy saved in the river has come back to life.= The boy who was saved in the river has come back to life.从河里救起的男孩苏醒过来了。
1. 用合适的关系词完成句子。
① The man ______ /______ was here yesterday is a painter.
② The man ______ /______ /______ /______ I saw is called Smith.
③ A child ______ parents are dead is called an orphan.
④ I’d like a room ______ window looks out over the sea.
⑤ A letter ______ /_____ is written in pencil is hard to read.
⑥ The letter ______ / ______ /______ I received from him yesterday is very important.
⑦ That is the boy ______ / ______ / ______ / ______ you are looking for.
⑧ Do you know the reason ______ he was late for the meeting?
⑨ This is the school ______ I used to study.
⑩ I still remember the day ______ we met for the first time.
【答案】
1. who/that
2. who/that/whom/不填
3. whose
4. whose
5. Which/that
6. Which/that/不填
7. Who/that/whom/不填
8. Why
9. Where
10. when
专题17 状语从句
【 知 识 清 单】
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
状语从句,是中考的热点,而且也是使用很广泛的一个从句。对其考查的的形式比较多,有的试题直接考查的是从属连词的用法,有的试题是从句式的角度来进行考查等等。在复习时,主要掌握好状语从句的常用句式,尤其是对于状语从句的从属连词应该做到灵活掌握熟练运用。
内容梳理:
知识点1状语从句的分类
知识点2时间状语从句的用法
知识点3地点状语从句和条件状语从句的用法
知识点4原因状语从句和让步状语从句的用法
知识点5比较状语从句和方式状语从句的用法
知识点6目的状语从句和结果状语从句的用法
各类状语从句连接词(短语)一览表:
时间
when, while, as, as soon as, since, until, after, before
条件
If, unless
原因
As, because, since
地点
Where
目的
So that, in order that
结果
So that, so…that, such…that
让步
though, although, even if, however
方式
As
比较
than, (not)as…as,
各个从句举例
时间状语从句:
Whenever he comes, he brings a friend. 他每次来都带个朋友。
条件状语从句:
As long as I am alive, I will go on studying. 只要我活着, 我就要学习。
原因状语从句:
Since we live near the sea, we enjoy nice weather.由于我们住在海边,能享受到好的天气。
地点状语从句:
Put it where we can all see it.把它放在我们都能看到的位置。
目的状语从句:
Finish this so that you can start another.把这个做完,你可以开始另一个。
结果状语从句:
He was so angry that he couldn’t say a word. 他气得说不出话了。
让步状语从句:
Though he is in poor health, he works hard.虽然他身体不好,但是他工作很努力。
方式状语从句:
Students do as the teachers say.学生们按照老师说的去做。
比较状语从句:
The work isn’t as easy as I thought.这项工作比我想象得难。
知识点2时间状语从句的用法
从属连词
用法
例句
While
“与……同时,在……期间”,从句常用延续性动词或表示状态的词
They rushed in while we were singing. 我们唱歌时,他们冲进来。
When
“当……时”,表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生,从句的动词可用延续性动词,也可用非延续性动词
It was raining when we arrived.我们到达时,天正下着雨。
He was working when I went in. 我进去时他正在工作。
When she heard the news, she began to cry. 她听到这个消息,她哭了起来。
As
“正当,一边·····一边,随着”,表示两个动作同时发生或某事发生时,另一个动作发生了
As time went on, his theory proved to be correct.随着时间的推移,他的理论被证明是正确的。
John sings as he walks home.
约翰一边往家走一边唱歌。
Till/until
用于肯定句时,表示“直到……为止”,主句必须为延续性动词;not.. .until/till表示“直到……才”,主句常用短暂性动词
We shall wait until/till he comes back.我们将一直等到他回来。
He didn’t go to bed until he finished his homework. 他直到做完作业才睡觉。
Since
“自……以来”,主句用一般现在时或现在完成时,从句用一般过去时
I have heard。lot of good things about you sin
from abroad.自从我从国外回来,我已经听许多好的事情。
Before
在……以前
He must finish all the work before he goes home.回家之前他必须完成所有的工作。
After
在…..之后
Iet's play football after school is over.放学后我们打篮球吧。
知识点3地点状语从句和条件状语从句的用法
分类
从属连词
例句
地点状语从句
where在……地方,wherever,无论哪里
Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者,事竟成
Wherever you go,you must obey the law.
无论你去哪儿,你都要遵守法律。
You can sit wherever you like.
你喜欢坐在哪里就坐在哪里。
条件状语从句
if如果;unless除非,如果不
If Y make any mistakes,please point them out in time.如果我犯错误,请及时指出来。
Don't ask me to explain unless you really don't understand.不要让我解释,除非你真的不懂。
in case假使,万一
Write down her telephone number in case you forget.把她的电话号码记下来万一你忘了呢。
so/as long as只要,
如果
You can go out as/so long as you promise to be back before 11 o'clock.你可以出去,只要你答应在点前回来
【知识拓展】
在条件状语从句中,一般要用一般现在时代替一般将来时,一般过去时代替过去将来时。
例如:Unless it rains, the game will be played.(= If it doesn’t rain, the game will be played.)
如果不下雨,比赛就将进行。
As long as you tell truth , I’ll try to help you.
只要你说出真相,我就尽力帮助你。
if引导条件状语从句和宾语从句的区别:
① if引导条件状语从句,表示“如果”,主句用一般将来时态,从句用一
般现在时表示将来。例如:
If it doesn't rain, I will go to the cinema tomorrow.
如果明天不下雨,我就去看电影。
(2)if引导宾语从句,表示“是否”,如果主句是一般现在时,从句可用各种对应的时态; 如果主句是一般过去时,从句用过去的某种时态。例如:
I didn't know if he would come tomorrow.我不知道他明天是否会来
知识点4原因状语从句和让步状语从句的用法
分类
从属连词
例句
原因
状语
从句
because因为,as,因为,since既然
I often eat carrots because they are good for my health.
我经常吃胡萝卜是因为对我的身体有好处。
As I don’t know the way, I had to ask the policeman.
由于我不知道路,所以我不得不问警察。
Since we are all here, let's reach a decision now.
既然大家都来了,现在让我们做决定吧。
让步
状语
从句
although/though
虽然,尽管
Though he is very poor, he is very happy.
他虽然很穷,但他很快乐。
Although he is young, he is very clever.
他尽管年轻,但很聪明。
尽管as
Hard as I tried, I was unable to make great progress.
尽管我尽力了,但是仍然不能取得大的进步。
Clever as he is, he doesn't study well.
尽管他聪明,但是他学习并不好。
even if/even though即使
Even if he is very busy, he always helps me.
即使他很忙,他也总是帮助我。
I will have a try even though I should fail.
即使会失败,我也要试一下。
whether or…不管……还是……
Whether the weather is good or bad,we will set off as planned.
不管天气是好还是坏,我们都将按计划启程。
whatever/whoever/whenever/however等词可以引导状语从句
No matter which (Whichever) road you take, you will arrive safely.不管你走哪条路,你都能安全到达。
However (No matter how) expensive it may be, I'll take it.
无论它有多贵,我都要买下它。
知识点5比较状语从句和方式状语从句的用法
分类
从属连词
例句
比较状
语从句
than比,as as和····一样
not as/so as ..…不如…, the
more…the more越……就越……
He can run faster than you (can).他能跑得比你快。
The result was not as/so good as I had expected.结果不如我所预料的那么好。
The busier he is the happier lie feels.他越忙越觉得开心。
方式状
语从句
as正如,像,按照
When in Rome,do as the Romans do.人乡随俗。
Would you please do the experiment as I am doing?请你按照我做的方法来做实验
好吗?
方式状
语从句
as if/as though好像
The boss speaks aloud as if he is very angry.
老板大声说着话,好像他很生气。
He acted as though nothing had happened.
他表现得好像什么也没有发生。
知识点6目的状语从句和结果状语从句的用法
结果状语从句在主句中表示结果。其连接词有:so…that…(如此……以至于……),such… that…(如此……以至于……)等。
例如:
It’s such a good chance that you can’t miss it.
这次机会如此好,你不能失去它。
注意:
so…that 和 such …that 都可以引导结果状语从句,注意so和such后面所接的词不同。
(1) such that
such+a(an)+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句
such+形容词+复数名词/不可数名词+that从句
例如:
He was such an honest man that he was praised by the teacher.
他非常诚实,因而受到了老师的表扬。
They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again.
这些小说非常有趣,我想再读一遍。
(2)但是如果名词前由many、much、few、little(少)等词修饰,则用so。
例如:
He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.
他摔了很多跤,以至于全身上下青一块,紫一块的。
(3) so that
so+形容词/副词.+that从句
so+形容词+a(an)+单数可数名词+that从句
例如:
He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him.
他跑得非常快,没人能追上他。
Dr. Wang is so good that everybody loves and respects him.
=He is so good a doctor that everybody loves and respects him.
=He is such a good doctor that everybody loves and respects him.
他是一位好医生,大家都尊敬并爱戴他。
知识点7 目的状语从句:
目的状语从句在主句中表示目的。其连接词有:so(以便),so that(为了),in order that(为了)等,从句中多用情态动词can, will, may, should 等。
例如:
He got up very early so that he could catch the first train.
他起床很早以便于赶第一班火车。
I will run slowly so that you can catch up with me.
我慢慢跑以便你能赶上我。
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