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2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第1讲 考纲词汇&定语从句【学案】
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这是一份2021年上海市高二第一学期英语培优讲义第1讲 考纲词汇&定语从句【学案】，共23页。学案主要包含了专题知识梳理，基本分类，定语从句引导词的分类，定语从句的解题步骤，定语从句找关系词解题技巧等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2021-2022学年高一升高二英语暑期讲义（上海通用版） 第1讲 考纲词汇&定语从句 学生版
教学内容
高考英语考纲单词1(P1-P12)
1. n.活动 activity 2. vt.影响 affect
3. adj. 一样的；相似的alike 4. n.广告 advertisement/ad
5. adj.心不在焉的 absent-minded/absent 6. adv.事实上 actually
7. 认(使)适应；改编 adapt 8. n.叙述,报导 account
9. adj.中年的 middle-aged 10. adj.能干的 able
11. vt.获得；学到 acquire 12. adj.装有空调设备的 air-conditioned
13. n.有利条件，优点；优势advantage 14. adj.积极的；主动的；活跃的active
15. vt.陪伴 accompany 16. adv.在（到）国外 abroad
17. n.成年人 adult 18. n.航空邮件 airmail
19. vt.采纳，采用；收养 adopt 20. n.冒险（经历）；奇遇 adventure
21. n.会计人员 accountant 22. n.酒精；酒 alcohol
23. academic adj.学术上的；学业上的 24. interact vi.相互作用
25. accomplish vt.实现；完成；达到 26. additional adj. 附加的
27. absolute adj.完全的，绝对的，不容置疑的 28. agricultural adj.农业的
29. affection 喜爱.慈爱 30. accuse vt.指责；控告
31. admirable adj.令人钦佩的；值得赞美的 32. accidental adj.偶然的，意外的
33. aggressive adj.侵犯的，侵略的；好斗的；有进取心的；敢作敢为的
34. abandon vt. 放弃；拋弃 35. adequate adj.充足的；适当的
36. accordingly adv.照此；因此 37. abstract.摘要；梗概
38. alert adj.警觉的,警惕的 39. advisable adj.明智的，合情合理的
40. admission n. 准许进入；承认 41. accuracy n.准确性
42. agreeable adj.令人愉快的，惬意的
43. accessible adj.(某地)易到达的；(某物)易到手的；(某人)易亲近的
44. advanced adj.先进的；高级的 45. abnormal adj.反常的，异常的
46. agent n.代理人;代理商 47. accustomed adj.适应了的，习惯的
48. accommodation n.住处；住宿；方便 设施 49. absorb vt.吸收；理解
50. adjustment n.整，调节
一、专题知识梳理
一 基本概念（批注：在导入基本概念之前，让学生先翻译三句格言，知道学生从三句格言中找出其存在的规律。如果学生已经学习了定语从句的相关概念，老师让学生找出三句格言的先行词和关系词，然后系统介绍定语从句的相关概念）
1 God helps those who help themselves.
2 He who laughs last laughs best.
3 Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
批注：让学生一边学习定语从句，一边熟记一些实用的格言，可以帮助学生结合语境识记语法规则，也为学生的写作积累较好的素材。
1、定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
Green team（绿队）→Team in green（绿队）→The team who wear in green.(穿绿衣服的队伍)
↓ ↓ ↓
形容词 介词短语 从句（即为定语从句）
2、定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句，即，一个句子充当定语。
批注：学生结合图理解上面两句话，可以让学生对定语从句的构成有个大致的了解，学生的注意力会慢慢的转向定语从句的构成，如先行词、连词和从句。在学生对定语从句有个初步的了解之后，再介绍定语从句的专业术语，这样可以相对减轻学生记忆术语的负担。
3、先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。如上面例句和图中的the team ，the man。
4、关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系词
关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as
关系副词：where, when, why
Eg: [She is the very beautiful girl] [that I love best.]
二、基本分类
1、限制性定语从句：对先行词起限制修饰作用，是不可缺少的成分，去掉之后主句意义不完整。
2、非限制性定语从句：先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开，是对主句的补充说明，如果去掉，应该对整个句意没有影响。非限定定语从句相当于并列句，状语从句等。
Eg: 1、This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
Eg. 2、The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
批注：让学生根据概念判断上面的两个句子，说出哪个是限制性定语从句，哪个是非限制性定语从句，并
指出句子的先行词。老师可在下面讲解过程中将限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句展开！
三、定语从句引导词的分类
根据先行词在定语从句中充当的成分的不同，把定语从句的引导词分为：关系代词（that，which，who, whom, whose, as）及关系副词（when, where, why）,定语从句引导词的选择，关键是看先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分，如果充当主语，宾语，表语，定语等就要选择关系代词，而如果先行词是做状语则选择关系副词。基本解题步骤方法就是先行词代入法：即将先行词带入到定语从句中，进而判断它所充当的成分，再确定引导词。
例如：
I still remember the day ____ I met him.
I still remember the day _____I spent with him.
1、关系代词的应用
关系代词
指人
指物
subject (主语)
object (宾语)
attribute（定语）
That
√
√
√
√
Which
√
√
√
Who
√
√
√
Whom
√
√
whose
√
√
√
关系代词考试中常见考点：
1） 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语：
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语（动词宾语或介词宾语）时可以省略，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不能省略。
Eg:
She finally got the book that/which she wanted. ( 限制性定语从句)
The book, which she bought last week, is a love story. (非限制性定语从句)
2） 关系代词作介词宾语：
关系代词作介词宾语，若介词放在关系代词前时，“指人”只能用whom，“指物”只能用which；而且不能省略。
Eg: The man to whom she talks is her English teacher.
等同于
The man who/whom/that she talks to is her English teacher.
3）当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的故定短语动词时，短语动词的各个故定部分不要拆开，即，介词、副词不能提到关系代词前,如：look for, look after, take care of等。
Eg: ① This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (√)
② This is the watch for which I am looking. (×)
4）关系代词that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
5）单复数问题：
关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是用复数应由先行词的单复数决定；当先行词是整个主句时，看做单数。
Eg: Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
批注：此例句中which代替前面整个主句，且在从句中做主语，看做单数，所以从句谓语动词也用单数。
6）the way做先行词，关系代词有三种情况：①that; ②in which; ③省略不填。
that
Eg: The way in which he talks to his parents is very impolite.
/
7）当关系代词whose指物时可以用“of + which”替换；即，whose + n=the + n + of which=of which + the + n。
典型例题
1. Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
2、使用关系代词要注意的问题
1）用that而不用 which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, a few, much， a little等；
②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；
③先行词有the only, the very, 等词修饰；
④先行词既有人又有物时；
⑤若前面有疑问词which,为了避免重复，关系代词用that。
典型例题
1. I hope that the little ________ I have been able to do does good to them all.
2. Wow! Look at the man and his horse are running down the road.
练一练
1. There is nothing can prevent him from doing it.
2. The first place ________ they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
3. This is the best film _______ I have ever seen.
4. Mr. Smith is the only foreigner ________ he knows.
2）用which而不用 that的情况：
①引导非限制性定语从句,只用which指物；
②引导非限制性定语从句时代表整个主句的意思；
③介词 + 关系代词，只用which指物;
④先行词本身是that,关系代词用which.
典型例题
1. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, , of course, made all the others upset.
2. October 15th is my birthday, ________ I will never forget.
3、关系副词的应用
1）when: 代替表示时间的名词，相当于“在什么时候”，在从句中充当时间状语；
2）where: 代替表示地点的名词，相当于“在什么地方”在从句中充当地点状语；
3）why: 代替表示原因的名词，相当于“为什么原因”在从句中充当原因状语；
当先行词是一些表示抽象地点的名词，如situation，case, point, career，occasion，environment，example等时，关系副词选择where。
典型例题
1. –What do you think of teaching, Bob?
–I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting.
2. This is the case ________ he’s had all his money stolen.
专题精练
1. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point ________ he can walk correctly and safely.
2. There are several research centers in China ________ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied.
3. I shall never forget the day ________ Shen Zhou V was launched, ________ has a great effect on my life.
A. when, which B. that, which C. which, that D. when, that
Why一般由for which代替
4、“介词+which”代替关系副词引导定语从句
1）The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.
2）Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.
3）From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
关系副词when和where引导的定语从句转化为“介词+which”来引导时；介词的选择要看从句谓语动词和先行词之间的联系。
四、定语从句的解题步骤
一般来说解决定语从句相关习题需要三个步骤：第一，先判定是定语从句；第二，看从句中缺何种成分；第三，看先行词指代什么，如下表所示：
五、定语从句找关系词解题技巧
Ø 首先分清主句和定语从句
2. 确定定语从句的先行词
3. 把先行词带回到定语从句中去，看其在定语从句中做什么语法成分（主语，宾语，定语
或状语）
4. 若先行词在从句中做主语、宾语或定语则选择关系代词，若在从句中做状语，则选择关系副词。
系副词。
专题精练
1. Today’s college is appropriate as a setting for a society,________ its members must acquire and manage knowledge from a wide variety of sources．
2. The scientists have made an exhaustive study of the virus with ________ many people have been infected.
3. The Nobel Prize in literature has been awarded annually to an author from any country _________ has produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction”.
4. Donald survived when the car ______ he was in crashed into a truck from the opposite side.
5. A Chinese basketball team employed the former NBA superstar Tracy Macready this year, ________ encouraged the whole team and the fans.
6. Life is a hospital _____ every patient is possessed by the desire to change his bed.
7. My grandfather, _____ is often the case with old people, is fond of talking about good old days.
8. Mo Yan, many of works were based on his experience in his birth place, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature 2012.
9. I can think of many cases _________ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good sentence.
10. A lot of lovers chose to get married on Dec. 12, 2012, on _______ the date, the month and the year match.
11. Microblog is a platform ______ people can express their thoughts, show their daily life and communicate with each other by sending post.
12. I kept getting mysterious phone calls _______ the caller would hang up as soon as I answered.
13. In Canada, cross country skiing is a popular sport among people ______ they can enjoy excitement and adventure.
14. Funny animals is a term used in comics and animated cartoons ________ the animals are given human characteristics.
15. Our math teacher set such a hard test problem _____ none of us could work out the other day.
16. Being from a family _____ produced great actors, it’s no wonder that she quickly found her way into the spotlight.
17. Decreasing the greenhouse effect, ________ may result in global warming, is a complicated problem facing the whole world.
18. Lucy has many positive personality features _____ make her popular at school.
t
能力培养---定语从句之翻译
1 判断定语从句翻译考点方法：
1）看关键词：如果关键词给到的是which，as（有时考查让步状语从句）, who ,where等定语从句连接词时。
2）看句式：如果给到的汉语句式为：句子A，+这+句子B。这种类型的基本上都是考查which引导的非限制性定语从句，which代指前面整个句子的。
3）看修饰语：如果修饰语过长不能用形容词或短语来翻译，可以考虑用定语从句。（注意：如果能用短语或则分词作状语翻译，尽量不要使用定语从句，以体现语言的精炼）
例句1：
59.异常的天气表明我们的生存环境正日益恶化，而这正是大自然给予我们的警告。（which）黄浦二模
例句2：
64.浦江南岸有一个野生动物园，那儿可以看到不少濒危动物。(where) 徐汇二模
2汉译英时定语从句的易错点
进行有关定语从句的汉译英时，我们也要掌握一些基本的技巧，避免汉语的负迁移：
1要避免受汉语语序的负迁移的影响，如，
坐在我旁边的女孩是我的女儿。
刚学习定语从句的学生往往把它翻译成 sit next to me the girl is my daughter.
通过对比，我们可以发现，英汉两种语言的顺序截然不同：汉语中的定语总是在被修饰语的前面，而英语的定语若是从句或短语，总是放在被修饰语的后面。上述翻译应改为
The girl who sits next to me is my daughter.
2 要避免受汉语用法的影响而误用引导词，如，
This is all what I did in Africa. (这就是我在非洲所做的一切。)
上述英语句子应改为 This is all that I did in Africa.
What 往往可以翻译为“所---”，但却不可引导定语从句。
3 在“有---人做某事”的句式中，容易漏掉引导词，如，
There are thousands of visitors visit the Great Wall every year.
（每年都有成千上万的游客游览长城。）
上述句子应改为 There are thousands of visitors who visit the Great Wall every year.
或Thousands of visitors visit the Great Wall every year.
4 没有主句的句子里不可出现定语从句，如，
Tom, a clever boy, who is twelve years old.（汤姆是个聪明的孩子，今年12岁了。）
应改为 Tom, a clever boy, is twelve years old.
在把带有定语从句的英语句子翻译成汉语时，要充分考虑汉语的表达习惯，有时要进行谓语化或定语化翻译，有时要进行状语化翻译，把较长的英语句子翻译成几个汉语句子，并能体现他们之间因果、让步、并列等的关系；而在进行汉译英时则要充分考虑英语的语法，避免汉语的负迁移。
能力检测：
1这是意大利东北部的一座小城镇，以建筑之美而著称。（which）（黄浦一模）
2无论你学什么，最要紧的不是考试成绩而是学习过程, 这是学生常忽视的。（which）（虹口一模）
3老师的赞赏给了我很大的鼓舞，这对一名学生而言非常宝贵。（which）（浦东新区二模）
4是药都有副作用，这是每个人都应该有的医学常识。 (which) （长宁嘉定二模）
课后巩故练习------上海模拟定语从句翻译专练：
句子
出处
建议分值
57.众所周知，在大雾中驾车是很危险的。（as）
As we all know / As is known to all, it is dangerous to drive in thick fog.
嘉定一模
4分
58.正如今天报纸上所报道的那样，我们必须直面自己身上存在的问题。(As)
As is reported in today’s newspaper, we must face the shortcomings we have directly.
奉贤一模
4分
60.这次旅行持续了两个多星期，这让我们感到疲惫不堪。 (which)
This trip lasted for over two weeks, which made all of us worn out.
静安一模
4分
61.我过生日时，他送给我一件漂亮的毛衣，那正是我想要的。（which）
He sent me a beautiful sweater for my birthday, which was what I wanted.
黄浦一模
4分
62.黑人当选总统，开创了美国政治的先河。（which）
A black man was/ has been elected president of the United States, which (has) created/ set/is a new record in the American politics.
A black man became/ has become president of the United States, which is the first time in the American politics.
浦东一模
4分
63.在过去的三十年里，中国人民以巨大的勇气、信心和创造力取得了了不起的成就，这令整个世界震惊。（…, which … ）
The Chinese people have made outstanding achievements with great courage, confidence and creativity in the past 30 years，which has shocked/astonished the whole world.
静安二模
5分
65.如果对此还有疑问，就请举手。 (who)
Those who still have doubts on this, please raise their hands.
奉贤二模
3分
66.人人都愿意和乐于助人、有幽默感的人交朋友。（who）
Everybody likes/ would like to make friends with a humorous person who is ready to help others.
Everyone enjoy making friends with those who have a sense of humor and are ready to help others.
浦东二模
4分
67.任何热爱祖国的人都会想着他能为他的国家做些什么。 (who)
Anyone who loves his/her/their motherland /country will consider/think about what he/she /they can do for his/her/their country.
Those who love his/her/their motherland/ country will consider/think about what he/she /they can do for his/her/their country.
嘉定二模
4分
68.他最近忙于找工作，结果没有通过期末考试，这让他的老师很生气。(which)
He was so busy (in) looking for a job these days that he failed to pass the final exam, which annoyed his teacher.
黄埔一模
4分
69.我和他志同道合，而且年龄和家庭背景相似，我想这就是为什么我们成为好朋友的原因。(which)
He and I have a common goal/ have similar ideals and beliefs/ share the same views and are similar in age and family background, which I think is the reason why we have become good friends.
浦东一模
5分
70.孩子们从小就不得不在学业上竞争，这就给他们带来了日益增加的精神压力。(which)
Kids have to compete academically (in study/ studying / school work / schooling) when they are very young, which brings them an increasing mental pressure.
长宁一模
5分
学法升华
一 知识收获：帮孩子梳理一下，本节课所学知识点，原则上让孩子自己回顾，老师在旁边提醒引导。
1 对不同句子成分的理解并能准确判断一些常见的句子成分
2 掌握了解定语从句引导词的用法，能够区分关系代词和关系副词的区别
3 区分that和which用法的区别和联系
二 方法总结：
1 类比法：理解各种句子成分的含义，对应了解怎样的词性充当对应的成分。
2 推理法：观察句子能够总结区分不同的句子成分及对句子进行主干提取。
3 树形结合法：能利用树形结合，更好地理解句子各成分。
三 技巧提炼：
1 定语从句之先行词带入法，判断句子成分。
2 树形结合理解句子成分
定语从句：
I remember I could not bear the thought of never hearing again the radio program for school children to(26) I listened every morning.(虹口区)
2.Students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students(37)________ classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.(虹口区）
3.One procedure 29___________helps many athletes is creating pictures in their mind. They are told to think of each move they must do. Some use more fanciful pictures. (黄埔区）
4.But scientists say having enough water in our bodies and not feeling thirsty could have a helpful effect on our brains. Drinking water may also reduce anxiety, ___29___ has a bad effect on exam performances.(浦东新区)
5.When we passed it and looked back, three pyramidal mountains on the opposite side of Lock Lomond ended the view, ____32_____ in certain kind of weather might be very grand. (长宁区）
6.The majority of those (35)__________ died today were children—beautiful little kids between the ages of 5 and 10 years old. They had their entire lives ahead of them—birthdays, graduations, weddings, kids of their own. (徐汇）
7.(Then it hit him—the scene was similar to the video (26)_________ he was shown during Disaster Management classes. (奉贤）
8.Even in countries (38) __________ don’t allow bargaining, you may find plentiful opportunities to save money. Many stores sell old items on clearance. Other offer discount cards to regular customers. (静安区）
9.The robot was given the tiresome task of cleaning up some spilt grain before it climbed on to a kitchen hotplate (34)_____ it destroyed itself, according to reports in Austria.(崇明区）
10.We know today, of course, that each of these ideas led to an incredibly successful product or service (32) has changed the way many of us live.(普陀区)
11.When people get very involved in a task that they have chosen, and which is well-defined and challenging, they experience "flow", a situation (40)_____they don't notice time passing.(普陀区)
12. Eating disorders are psychological illness defined by abnormal eating habits, (27) _________ may involve either insufficient or too much food intake to the damage of an individual’s physical and mental health.（普陀区）
13.It is not just the rising cost of living that is causing the delay. Many pointed to the fact that they are constantly having to provide for their grown-up children at an age (36)________ they assumed they should be financially independent.
14.Dogs are called "man's best friend." Now a study shows new reasons (25) ________ they really are our best pals. Researchers at UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California(杨浦区）
15. A couple had two little boys, (33) were excessively naughty. They were always getting into trouble and their parents knew that, if anything terrible occurred in their town, their sons were probably involved. (杨浦区)
I. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: Read the following passages and complete it with proper words or the proper form of given words.
(A)
An accident in a bicycle race in the United States eight years ago alerted James Chang to the importance of sports medicine. One of his riding companions (21)____________(injure)severely in the accident.
From then on Chang, 45, a Chinese-American who was born in Anhui province, began to make it his business to keep abreast of matters relating to physical safety and medical assistance, particularly in sport. So (22)____________ he took up marathon running two years ago he was shocked to see frequent injuries, many of them avoidable.
"I always heard people talking about people in marathons in China dying suddenly," he says, adding that one reason many of these deaths happen is (23)____________there is a lot of ignorance in China about what marathon running entails.
Many amateur runners in China who are highly competitive get carried away and run at a pace that is far in excess of (24)____________ they can expect their body to take, and even ignore clear signals such as pain, Chang says. Many marathon competitors in the US run not just for the prize money but for charity as well, he says.
As Chinese have placed more emphasis on leading healthy life-styles in recent years, marathon and other long-distance running (25)____________(become)a highly popular sport across the country.
More than 50 China Athletic Association-sanctioned urban marathons were held in the country last year, and 39 races(26)____________( involve) more than 750,000 runners were held the year before, says Wang Dawei, vice-chairman of the association.
Events in big cities can now attract as many as 20,000 runners each, and events in smaller cities (27)____________ attract between 5,000 and 10,000 runners.
"Marathon carries(28)____________ (high) risks of injury than other forms of sport," Hou says, adding that the key to avoiding injury is to strengthen the body through regular exercise and to be aware of one's own physical condition.
"Muscle discomfort is the body's way of telling you to stop and to do things at a moderate pace."
Although some chronic injuries are hard (29)____________ (avoid), even for highly experienced runners, cramp, fainting and shock can easily be prevented(30)____________ runners better understand the sport, he says.
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. travels B. interaction C. presidential D. disagreements E. released
F. patriotic G. scheduled H.humanity I. demonstrating J. encountered K. involving
STATE DEPARTMENT— U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry travels to South Asia on Saturday in a bid to promote economic 41 with India. Kerry and U.S. business leaders will attend a global investors summit initiated by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Kerry’s trip to India comes after Prime Minister Modi visited Washington, in September, and 42 trade and business investment with President Barack Obama. Kerry will use his visit to set up Obama’s trip to India later this month, said State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki. “They will be discussing the president’s upcoming trip as well as our economic relationship, our strategic relationship, our relationship on 43 like energy,” said Psaki.
Prime Minister Modi 44 on a platform of economic revival. As a result, the stakes are high for him at the investors’ summit, said South Asia analyst Michael Kugelman. “He won by a huge margin in the election to repair the country’s economy. And, it’s very risky for him because there are such high 45 from the public for him to do things quickly,” said Kugelman.
Kugelman said the prime minister will need to assure U.S. officials that India is 46 some of the problems that have made trade and investment difficult in the past. “It’s an open secret that for as much investment, as much foreign investment as there has been in India over the last decades, it is still 47 difficult to start businesses and to do things along those lines,” he said.
Despite past difficulties, which include bureaucratic red tape and 48 about patent protection, there are opportunities to improve U.S.-India trade ties, according to South Asia Center Deputy Director Bharath Gopalaswamy.
“I think defense is the biggest sector. That is the most disputable sector but, as well, a very big sector. Education is a key area in which investments in post-graduate education, collaborating with Indian universities, setting up Indian facilities, lab facilities in India are all to promote and support higher education and research opportunities. Those are some of the key areas that are 49 ,” said Gopalaswamy.
Gopalaswamy said the trade relationship between the U.S. and India is still in its “discovery” phase, with
50 for significant growth.
III. Reading Comprehension(共60分，41-55每题1分；56-66每题2分；67-70每题2分；section D summary 15分）
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
The famous American inventor Thomas Alva Edison once claimed that genius was one percent inspiration and ninety -nine percent perspiration(汗水). Now, it seems, there is scientific evidence to __41_ his claim. The idea that geniuses such as Shakespeare, Mozart, and Picasso possessed certain inborn talents is a false belief, according to a study by a British psychologist and his colleagues.
After examining outstanding performance in the arts and sports, these researchers concluded that __42__ is determined by opportunity, encouragement, training, motivation, self-confidence, and — most important of all — __43__. Even people who were not thought to be 44_ with any special talent could, after having received training, reach levels 45__ considered attainable (可获得的) only by gifted individuals. ‘Talent is a false belief, and it is time that people got rid of it,” they said.
This theory — a dramatic __46__ with traditional beliefs — has been __47__ by academics worldwide. In fact, studies of accomplished artists and mathematicians, and top tennis players and swimmers, have reported few early signs of __48_ in these people before any parental encouragement. No case has been found of anyone reaching the highest levels of achievement without __49__ himself or herself to thousands of hours of serious training. Even those who are believed to be exceptionally talented — whether in music, mathematics, chess, or sports — have needed lengthy periods of instruction and practice to achieve their highest level of success. ‘The persistent false belief that some people reach high levels of performance without spending numerous hours practising __50__ much to the fact that their practice is usually outside the casual observer’s view,’ stated one scientist.
The importance of practice has been noticed in athletics. For instance, differences in the composition of certain muscles were once thought to be _51__ predictors of athletic performance. However, the differences in the proportion of certain muscle fibers(组织) that are __52__ for success in long -distance running are largely the result of extended practice in running.
‘What makes a genius then?’ one may ask. __53__, there is no clear answer. What is known, however, is that ‘nurture’ is at least as important as ‘nature.’ __54__, a supportive environment will do far more for a child’s prospects of success than any inborn gifts. This is a message that most of us will find __55_ — even if we haven’t won the gene lottery, our fate is still in our own hands.
41. A. make B. challenge C. support D. dismiss
42. A. excellence B. harmony C. negotiation D. response
43. A. education B. practice C. fortune D. character
44. A. satisfied B. concerned C. decorated D. gifted
45. A. preciously B. practically C. previously D. primarily
46. A. break B. association C. partnership D. relief
47. A. doubted B. concluded C. mentioned D. applauded
48. A. accomplishment B. treasure C. diligence D. inspiration
49. A. adapting B. attaching C. linking D. devoting
50. A. carries B. leaves C. owes D. connects
51. A. creative B. reliable C. natural D. active
52. A. essential B. suitable C. possible D. feasible
53. A. Unlikely B. Similarly C. Hopefully D. Unfortunately
54. A. To sum up B. In other words C. For example D. In addition
55. A. misleading B. puzzling C. comforting D. amusing
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Which tablet computer should YOU be buying: They are this year's must have... and there's a style to suit everyone？
Best for young children
LeapPad Explorer 2, £68
Aimed at children between three and nine (though a nine-year-old might find it a little simple), it comes in pink or blue and with five built-in education games (you can buy more). Besides, the LeapPad does not allow access to the internet — so it is impossible for your child to stumble across anything inappropriate.
Pros: The education games are well-designed, the built-in video camera is a fun way to play at being a film director.
Cons: Some of the games are shockingly expensive. And the power adaptor is not included.
Best for teenagers
iPad 4th generation, £399-£659
The iPad is still the market leader, and for good reason. If the teenager in your house enjoys playing computer games, the latest offering from Apple is the one to choose.
Pros: No other tablet can compete with the near one million ‘apps’ (the name Apple created for specially-designed downloadable programs) available for the iPad. Simple to use, even for those who usually struggle with technology.
Cons: Considerably more expensive than most competitors.
Best for working parents
Microsoft Surface, £399-£559
Tablets are brilliant for leisure — but what if you want to do a bit of work? No tablet can yet compete with a full-size laptop computer, but this is the only tablet that allows you to use Microsoft Word, Excel and Powerpoint (they are all pre-installed and included in the price) and you can buy a pretty lovely mini- keyboard for typing letters and emails, which also doubles up as the cover.
Pros: The Surface is good for watching movies — a bonus when stuck in the airport on a business trip — and surfing the internet.
Con: The keyboard is an expensive add-on — costing up to £109. It might be cheaper to buy a laptop (though a tablet is much smaller and lighter).
Best for bookworms
Amazon Kindle Paperwhite, £109
Nearly all tablets let you download books. It's a great way to take a mountainous pile of hardbacks on holiday without stuffing your suitcase.
But most tablets have a shiny screen — which can be very distracting when you're trying to read. The Paperwhite is different: its matt screen and crisp black lettering imitate the look of words on paper brilliantly. And yet you can still read the words in the dark.
Pros: Easy on the eye, excellent battery life, 180,000 free books (if you subscribe to the Amazon Prime customer loyalty service) plus hundreds of thousands more to buy.
Cons: No TV, films, games, internet or camera.
56. The underlined phrase ‘stumble across’ most probably means ‘___________’.
A. meet with B. quarrel with C. compare with D. compete with
57. Which of the following about Surface is NOT TRUE?
A. The keyboard will add to the cost.
B. The keyboard can serve as a cover.
C. You have to pay extra to install Microsoft Word.
D. You can watch movies or surf the Internet with it.
58. If you are a game lover, which tablet is least likely to be your choice?
A. LeapPad Explorer 2. B. iPad 4th generation.
C. Microsoft Surface. D. Amazon Kindle Paperwhite.
(B)
Although websites such as Facebook and MySpace experienced rapid growth during the middle of the first decade of the 21st century, some users remain unaware of the fact that the information they post online can come back to haunt them. First, employers can monitor employees who maintain a blog, photo diary, or website. Employers can look for controversial(引起争议的) employee opinions, sensitive information disclosures, or wildly inappropriate conduct. For example, a North Carolina newspaper fired one of its features writers after she created a blog on which she wrote about the strange things of her job and coworkers without signing her real name.
The second unintended use of information from social networking websites is employers who check on prospective employees. A June 11, 2006 New York Times article reported that many companies use search engines and social networking websites such as MySpace, Xanga, and Facebook to conduct background checks on college campuses. Although the use of MySpace or Google to check a student’s background is somewhat unsettling to many undergraduates, the Times noted that the use of Facebook is especially shocking to students who believe that Facebook is limited to current students and recent alum(校友).
Corporate employers are not the only people interested in college students’ lives. The third unintended use of social networking websites is college administrators who monitor the Internet — especially Facebook — for student bad behavior. For example, a college in Boston’s Back Bay expelled (除名) its student Government Association President for joining a Facebook group highly critical of a campus police sergeant. In addition, fifteen students at a state university in North Carolina faced charges in court for underage drinking because of photos that appeared on Facebook.
Although more users of websites such as Facebook are becoming aware of the potential dangers of online identities, many regular users still fail to take there basic security precautions(警惕). First, only make your information available to a specific list of individuals whom you approve. Second , regularly search for potentially harmful information about yourself that may have been posted by mistake or by a disgruntled
(不满的)former associate. Thrid, never post obviously offensive material will likely make its way to the wider world. By taking these simple steps, members of the digital world can realize the many benefits of e-community without experiencing some of the damaging unintended consequences.
59 :The main purpose of the passage is to _____.
A．explain the growth of the digital world from the view of privacy
B．discuss the risks of the digital world and suggest ways to protect yourself
C．propose steps Facebook, MySpace and Google can take to protect user privacy
D．illustrate(说明) potential unintended uses of private information
60:The writer implies that users should take all of the following actions to protect their online privacy EXCEPT _____.
A．know to whom you make your online information available
B．avoid uploading information that would be extremely damaging if it were discovered
C．carefully select and limit who can view your electronic profile
D．Speak with employers to inform them of any misinformation published about you
61:which of the following best describes the relationship between the last paragraph and the other paragraphs?
A．It offers detailed examples to support previous points of view..
B．It summarizes the points of view in the previous paragraphs.
C．It provides suggestions to solve the previously mentioned problems.
D．It offers evidence to make the previous points of view clearer..
62 According to the passage, which of the following does the writer imply _____.
A．Information obtained unwillingly from the Internet is permissible in court.
B．It is impossible to protect yourself from unintended uses of information online.
C．Even if you restrict who can view your data, the government may still access it.
D．Done properly, posting offensive information about oneself causes no risk.
(C)
Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.
He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions , professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
"Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there' s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done, " wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority, this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient : "How come nobody thought of that before?"
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the av erage person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
63. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph?
A． A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.
B． A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.
C． A person who has had no education.
D． An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.
64 . According to the author , what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?
A． The variety of ideas they have.
B． The intelligence they possess.
C． The way they deal with problems.
D． The way they present their findings.
65. The phrase "march to a different drummer" (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are__.
A． diligent in pursuing their goals
B． reluctant to follow common ways of doing things
C． devoted to the progress of science
D． concemed about the advance of society
66. The most suitable title for this passage might be_________.
A．The relation between creation and diligence
B．To be a creative expert in the study of human creativity
C．What are so special about creative individuals
D．Discoveries and innovation
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage and fill in each blank with the sentence that best fits the context. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
A. This means that it’s not tat math itself hurts.; rather, he anticipation of math is painful
B. Researchers have developed a mind-reading device that can retrieve images from the person’s memory with the help of brain scans.
C. For most students, math can be tough but scientists have proved that math problems can actually trigger physical pain.
D. Using a brain-scan machine, scientists noticed that whenever people from Group One saw a yellow circle, their brain would respond in a way similar to when their body is feeling pain.
E. The higher a person’s anxiety of a maths task, the more he activated brain regions associated with threat detection, and the experience of pain.
F. Most students, especially girls, are extremely scared of math.
Does solving a math problem give you a headache? Do you feel nervous when you sit a math exam?___________________67______________________________________________________________________
Scientists came to his conclusion with an in-depth experiment, which was published in the Public Library of Science One journal. They began by finding out how much participants fear math. Those involved were asked a series of questions such as how they feel when they receive a math textbook or when they walk into a math lesson.
Based on their answers, participants were divided into groups. One group was made up of people? who? were particularly afraid of? math? and participants? in? the other? group were? more comfortable with the subject.
Both groups were then given either math tasks or word tasks. When a math task was going to come next, a yellow circle would appear but when a word task was soon to come, a blue square would be shown.
________________________________________68____________________________________________________ It was like the pain they would fee, for example, if they burnt their hand on a hot stove. But they reacted less strongly when they knew that they would be faced with a word task.
However, scientists saw no strong brain response from people in the second group.
Math can be difficult, and for those with high levels of mathematics-anxiety (HMA), math is associated with tension, apprehension and fear. “When you are really thinking about the math problems, your mind is racing and you are worrying about all the things that could go wrong,” explained Ian Lyons from University of Chicago, US, leader of the study. ________________________________69_______________________________
More interestingly, the brain activity disappeared when participants actually started dealing with the math tasks. __________________________70_________________________________________ Lyons said.
Based on the study, scientists suggested that things could be done to help students worry less and move past their fear of math, which might mean they perform better in tests.
Section D
Directions: Read the following passage and write a summary of about 50-60 words.
A new study of 8,000 young people in the Journal of Health and Social Behavior shows that
although love can make adults live healthily and happily, it is a bad thing for young people. Puppy
love(早恋) may bring stress for young people and can lead to depression(忧郁症). The study shows
that girls become more depressed than boys, and younger girls are the worst of all.
The possible reason for the connection between love and higher risk of depression for girls is "loss
of self". According to the study, even though boys would say "lose themselves in a romantic
relationship", this "loss of self" is much more likely to lead to depression when it happens to girls. Young
girls who have romantic relationships usually like hiding their feelings and opinions. They won't tell that to
their parents.
Dr. Marianm Kaufman, an expert on young people problems, says 15% to 20% young people will
have depression during their growing. Trying romance often causes the depression.
She advises kids not to jump into romance too early. During growing up, it is important for young
people to build strong friendships and a strong sense of self. She also suggests the parents should
encourage their kids to keep close to their friends, attend more interesting school activities and spend
enough time with family.
Parents should watch for signs of depression—eating or mood changes—and if they see signs from
their daughter or son, they need to give help. The good news is that the connection between romance
and depression seems to become weak with age. Love will always make us feel young, but only maturity(成熟) gives us a chance to avoid its bad side effects.
IV. Translation （第一句3分，其余每句4分，共15分）
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1. 对自己有信心是获取成功的第一步。（confidence）
2. 毫无疑问，参加各种国际交流项目会使学生们获益匪浅。(There)
3. 这些建设工程旨在降低人们的生活成本，并改善他们的生活条件。 (intend)
4. 这么寒冷的天气里他还坚持在河里游泳，这使我不得不钦佩他的勇气和毅力。(can’t help)
VV. Guided Writing
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
志 愿 者 招 募
爱共线(Share Love)是由民间发起的爱心公益组织，主要致力于贫困地区儿童相关
的援助项目。
我们期待你的加入！
岗位1：网页编辑（webpage editor）
岗位2：影像制作（cameraman）
岗位3：论坛管理员（forum administrator）
岗位4：活动组织（event organizer）
有意者请来信告知：
1) 你个人的基本情况；
2) 你所申请的岗位和申请的理由；
二、定语从句练习题
1. Mozart’s birthplace and the house ____ he composed The Magic Flute are both museums mow.
2. The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of ___ were made of small diamonds.
3. His movie won several awards at the film festival, _____ was beyond his wildest dreams.
4. There was a time in China in the 1960s ____ young people liked wearing army uniforms.
5. I work in a business ____ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
6. ___ is known to all, smoking contributes to lung cancer. But still cigarettes are sold in large quantities every day.
7. Sports are looked upon as the most popular form of relaxation ____ everybody can enjoy.
8. I refuse to accept the blame for something ___ was someone else’s fault.
9. She told us about her bitter past, ___ moved many of us to tears.
10. We have two spare rooms downstairs, neither of ____ has been used for more than two months.
11. All the neighbors admire this family, _____ the parents are treating their child like a friend.
12. Wind power is an ancient source of energy ____ _____ we may return in the near future.
13. The Science Museum, ___ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.
14. Nobody knows the exact number of people and cattle ____ were drowned in the flood.
15. EBay, Amazon and Wal-Mart are popular websites ____ people can sell goods to each other.
16. ___ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.
17. You can find whatever you need at the shopping center, _____ is always busy at the weekend.
18. There wasn’t much _____ I could do in the kitchen, ____ made my mother annoyed.
19. He is now working day and night simply for one day ____ ____ he can enjoy the wealth and comfort he has earned today.
20. The annual report, copies of ____ have been circulated, will be discussed later.
21. Have you seen the film Save Private Ryan, ______ director is famous throughout the world?
22. – Do you have anything to say for yourself?
-- Yes, there’s one point ___ we must insist on.
23. He made another discovery, _____ I think is of great importance to science.
24. We shouldn’t spend our money testing so many people, most of _____ are healthy.
25. I have bought the same watch _____ is being advertised on TV. ;
26. Most people have dreams_______ _______ they’re being pursued and unable to run..
27. Carol said the work would be done by October, _____ personally I doubt very much.
28 The composer ______ _____ the teenagers are familiar has contributed all his life to music.
29. The reason_______ I’m writing is to tell you about a party on Saturday.
30. The e-book is no bigger than a pocket radio, with a screen_______ you can read.
31. ______ many of you are old enough to remember, the Beatles came from Liverpool.
32. I disapprove of the way_______ _______ you treat your fellow workers..
33. Is this magazine______ ______Han Han, a famous post-80s writer, edits?
34. Linda was very patient with the children, ________which her colleagues seldom were.
35. Gun control is a subject about_______Americans have argued for a long time.
36. The thought of going back home was all______ kept him happy while he was working abroad.
37. Jane is back in May, by _______the new house should be finished.
38. Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, _______ where used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.
39. A person ________ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails..
40 .---What do you think of teaching, Bob?
---I find it fun and challenging.It is a job ______ you are doing something serious but interesting.
41. Brazil was knocked out of the World Cup in the quarterfinal, _______most football fans hadn’t expected.
42. It is reported that that two schools, both of ______ are being built in my hometown, will open next year.
43. There are currently few instances ______ that people are directly exposed to the new materials.
44. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go traveling, _______turned out to be a wise decision.
45. I will never forget the days_____we spent furthering our studies in Canada.
46. As______is generally accepted,water resources will become a problem of the most importance in the new century.
47. Samuel survived when the car ______he was a passenger in turned off the road and hit a tree.
48 I hope that man and animals will have as good as a relationship_______is shown in the movie.
49 We are living in an age ______many things are done on computer.
50. Not far from the club there is a garden, _______owner sits in it playing bridge with his children every afternoon..
2021-2022学年高一升高二英语暑期讲义（上海通用版） 第1讲 考纲词汇&定语从句 学生版
教学内容
高考英语考纲单词1(P1-P12)
1. n.活动 activity 2. vt.影响 affect
3. adj. 一样的；相似的alike 4. n.广告 advertisement/ad
5. adj.心不在焉的 absent-minded/absent 6. adv.事实上 actually
7. 认(使)适应；改编 adapt 8. n.叙述,报导 account
9. adj.中年的 middle-aged 10. adj.能干的 able
11. vt.获得；学到 acquire 12. adj.装有空调设备的 air-conditioned
13. n.有利条件，优点；优势advantage 14. adj.积极的；主动的；活跃的active
15. vt.陪伴 accompany 16. adv.在（到）国外 abroad
17. n.成年人 adult 18. n.航空邮件 airmail
19. vt.采纳，采用；收养 adopt 20. n.冒险（经历）；奇遇 adventure
21. n.会计人员 accountant 22. n.酒精；酒 alcohol
23. academic adj.学术上的；学业上的 24. interact vi.相互作用
25. accomplish vt.实现；完成；达到 26. additional adj. 附加的
27. absolute adj.完全的，绝对的，不容置疑的 28. agricultural adj.农业的
29. affection 喜爱.慈爱 30. accuse vt.指责；控告
31. admirable adj.令人钦佩的；值得赞美的 32. accidental adj.偶然的，意外的
33. aggressive adj.侵犯的，侵略的；好斗的；有进取心的；敢作敢为的
34. abandon vt. 放弃；拋弃 35. adequate adj.充足的；适当的
36. accordingly adv.照此；因此 37. abstract.摘要；梗概
38. alert adj.警觉的,警惕的 39. advisable adj.明智的，合情合理的
40. admission n. 准许进入；承认 41. accuracy n.准确性
42. agreeable adj.令人愉快的，惬意的
43. accessible adj.(某地)易到达的；(某物)易到手的；(某人)易亲近的
44. advanced adj.先进的；高级的 45. abnormal adj.反常的，异常的
46. agent n.代理人;代理商 47. accustomed adj.适应了的，习惯的
48. accommodation n.住处；住宿；方便 设施 49. absorb vt.吸收；理解
50. adjustment n.整，调节
一、专题知识梳理
一 基本概念（批注：在导入基本概念之前，让学生先翻译三句格言，知道学生从三句格言中找出其存在的规律。如果学生已经学习了定语从句的相关概念，老师让学生找出三句格言的先行词和关系词，然后系统介绍定语从句的相关概念）
1 God helps those who help themselves.
2 He who laughs last laughs best.
3 Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
批注：让学生一边学习定语从句，一边熟记一些实用的格言，可以帮助学生结合语境识记语法规则，也为学生的写作积累较好的素材。
1、定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
Green team（绿队）→Team in green（绿队）→The team who wear in green.(穿绿衣服的队伍)
↓ ↓ ↓
形容词 介词短语 从句（即为定语从句）
2、定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句，即，一个句子充当定语。
批注：学生结合图理解上面两句话，可以让学生对定语从句的构成有个大致的了解，学生的注意力会慢慢的转向定语从句的构成，如先行词、连词和从句。在学生对定语从句有个初步的了解之后，再介绍定语从句的专业术语，这样可以相对减轻学生记忆术语的负担。
3、先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。如上面例句和图中的the team ，the man。
4、关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系词
关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as
关系副词：where, when, why
Eg: [She is the very beautiful girl] [that I love best.]
二、基本分类
1、限制性定语从句：对先行词起限制修饰作用，是不可缺少的成分，去掉之后主句意义不完整。
2、非限制性定语从句：先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开，是对主句的补充说明，如果去掉，应该对整个句意没有影响。非限定定语从句相当于并列句，状语从句等。
Eg: 1、This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
Eg. 2、The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
批注：让学生根据概念判断上面的两个句子，说出哪个是限制性定语从句，哪个是非限制性定语从句，并
指出句子的先行词。老师可在下面讲解过程中将限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句展开！
三、定语从句引导词的分类
根据先行词在定语从句中充当的成分的不同，把定语从句的引导词分为：关系代词（that，which，who, whom, whose, as）及关系副词（when, where, why）,定语从句引导词的选择，关键是看先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分，如果充当主语，宾语，表语，定语等就要选择关系代词，而如果先行词是做状语则选择关系副词。基本解题步骤方法就是先行词代入法：即将先行词带入到定语从句中，进而判断它所充当的成分，再确定引导词。
例如：
I still remember the day ____ I met him.
I still remember the day _____I spent with him.
1、关系代词的应用
关系代词
指人
指物
subject (主语)
object (宾语)
attribute（定语）
That
√
√
√
√
Which
√
√
√
Who
√
√
√
Whom
√
√
whose
√
√
√
关系代词考试中常见考点：
1） 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语：
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语（动词宾语或介词宾语）时可以省略，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不能省略。
Eg:
She finally got the book that/which she wanted. ( 限制性定语从句)
The book, which she bought last week, is a love story. (非限制性定语从句)
2） 关系代词作介词宾语：
关系代词作介词宾语，若介词放在关系代词前时，“指人”只能用whom，“指物”只能用which；而且不能省略。
Eg: The man to whom she talks is her English teacher.
等同于
The man who/whom/that she talks to is her English teacher.
3）当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的故定短语动词时，短语动词的各个故定部分不要拆开，即，介词、副词不能提到关系代词前,如：look for, look after, take care of等。
Eg: ① This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (√)
② This is the watch for which I am looking. (×)
4）关系代词that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
5）单复数问题：
关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是用复数应由先行词的单复数决定；当先行词是整个主句时，看做单数。
Eg: Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
批注：此例句中which代替前面整个主句，且在从句中做主语，看做单数，所以从句谓语动词也用单数。
6）the way做先行词，关系代词有三种情况：①that; ②in which; ③省略不填。
that
Eg: The way in which he talks to his parents is very impolite.
/
7）当关系代词whose指物时可以用“of + which”替换；即，whose + n=the + n + of which=of which + the + n。
典型例题
1. Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
2、使用关系代词要注意的问题
1）用that而不用 which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, a few, much， a little等；
②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；
③先行词有the only, the very, 等词修饰；
④先行词既有人又有物时；
⑤若前面有疑问词which,为了避免重复，关系代词用that。
典型例题
1. I hope that the little ________ I have been able to do does good to them all.
2. Wow! Look at the man and his horse are running down the road.
练一练
1. There is nothing can prevent him from doing it.
2. The first place ________ they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
3. This is the best film _______ I have ever seen.
4. Mr. Smith is the only foreigner ________ he knows.
2）用which而不用 that的情况：
①引导非限制性定语从句,只用which指物；
②引导非限制性定语从句时代表整个主句的意思；
③介词 + 关系代词，只用which指物;
④先行词本身是that,关系代词用which.
典型例题
1. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, , of course, made all the others upset.
2. October 15th is my birthday, ________ I will never forget.
3、关系副词的应用
1）when: 代替表示时间的名词，相当于“在什么时候”，在从句中充当时间状语；
2）where: 代替表示地点的名词，相当于“在什么地方”在从句中充当地点状语；
3）why: 代替表示原因的名词，相当于“为什么原因”在从句中充当原因状语；
当先行词是一些表示抽象地点的名词，如situation，case, point, career，occasion，environment，example等时，关系副词选择where。
典型例题
1. –What do you think of teaching, Bob?
–I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting.
2. This is the case ________ he’s had all his money stolen.
专题精练
1. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point ________ he can walk correctly and safely.
2. There are several research centers in China ________ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied.
3. I shall never forget the day ________ Shen Zhou V was launched, ________ has a great effect on my life.
A. when, which B. that, which C. which, that D. when, that
Why一般由for which代替
4、“介词+which”代替关系副词引导定语从句
1）The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.
2）Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.
3）From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
关系副词when和where引导的定语从句转化为“介词+which”来引导时；介词的选择要看从句谓语动词和先行词之间的联系。
四、定语从句的解题步骤
一般来说解决定语从句相关习题需要三个步骤：第一，先判定是定语从句；第二，看从句中缺何种成分；第三，看先行词指代什么，如下表所示：
五、定语从句找关系词解题技巧
Ø 首先分清主句和定语从句
2. 确定定语从句的先行词
3. 把先行词带回到定语从句中去，看其在定语从句中做什么语法成分（主语，宾语，定语
或状语）
4. 若先行词在从句中做主语、宾语或定语则选择关系代词，若在从句中做状语，则选择关系副词。
系副词。
专题精练
1. Today’s college is appropriate as a setting for a society,________ its members must acquire and manage knowledge from a wide variety of sources．
2. The scientists have made an exhaustive study of the virus with ________ many people have been infected.
3. The Nobel Prize in literature has been awarded annually to an author from any country _________ has produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction”.
4. Donald survived when the car ______ he was in crashed into a truck from the opposite side.
5. A Chinese basketball team employed the former NBA superstar Tracy Macready this year, ________ encouraged the whole team and the fans.
6. Life is a hospital _____ every patient is possessed by the desire to change his bed.
7. My grandfather, _____ is often the case with old people, is fond of talking about good old days.
8. Mo Yan, many of works were based on his experience in his birth place, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature 2012.
9. I can think of many cases _________ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good sentence.
10. A lot of lovers chose to get married on Dec. 12, 2012, on _______ the date, the month and the year match.
11. Microblog is a platform ______ people can express their thoughts, show their daily life and communicate with each other by sending post.
12. I kept getting mysterious phone calls _______ the caller would hang up as soon as I answered.
13. In Canada, cross country skiing is a popular sport among people ______ they can enjoy excitement and adventure.
14. Funny animals is a term used in comics and animated cartoons ________ the animals are given human characteristics.
15. Our math teacher set such a hard test problem _____ none of us could work out the other day.
16. Being from a family _____ produced great actors, it’s no wonder that she quickly found her way into the spotlight.
17. Decreasing the greenhouse effect, ________ may result in global warming, is a complicated problem facing the whole world.
18. Lucy has many positive personality features _____ make her popular at school.
t
能力培养---定语从句之翻译
1 判断定语从句翻译考点方法：
1）看关键词：如果关键词给到的是which，as（有时考查让步状语从句）, who ,where等定语从句连接词时。
2）看句式：如果给到的汉语句式为：句子A，+这+句子B。这种类型的基本上都是考查which引导的非限制性定语从句，which代指前面整个句子的。
3）看修饰语：如果修饰语过长不能用形容词或短语来翻译，可以考虑用定语从句。（注意：如果能用短语或则分词作状语翻译，尽量不要使用定语从句，以体现语言的精炼）
例句1：
59.异常的天气表明我们的生存环境正日益恶化，而这正是大自然给予我们的警告。（which）黄浦二模
例句2：
64.浦江南岸有一个野生动物园，那儿可以看到不少濒危动物。(where) 徐汇二模
2汉译英时定语从句的易错点
进行有关定语从句的汉译英时，我们也要掌握一些基本的技巧，避免汉语的负迁移：
1要避免受汉语语序的负迁移的影响，如，
坐在我旁边的女孩是我的女儿。
刚学习定语从句的学生往往把它翻译成 sit next to me the girl is my daughter.
通过对比，我们可以发现，英汉两种语言的顺序截然不同：汉语中的定语总是在被修饰语的前面，而英语的定语若是从句或短语，总是放在被修饰语的后面。上述翻译应改为
The girl who sits next to me is my daughter.
2 要避免受汉语用法的影响而误用引导词，如，
This is all what I did in Africa. (这就是我在非洲所做的一切。)
上述英语句子应改为 This is all that I did in Africa.
What 往往可以翻译为“所---”，但却不可引导定语从句。
3 在“有---人做某事”的句式中，容易漏掉引导词，如，
There are thousands of visitors visit the Great Wall every year.
（每年都有成千上万的游客游览长城。）
上述句子应改为 There are thousands of visitors who visit the Great Wall every year.
或Thousands of visitors visit the Great Wall every year.
4 没有主句的句子里不可出现定语从句，如，
Tom, a clever boy, who is twelve years old.（汤姆是个聪明的孩子，今年12岁了。）
应改为 Tom, a clever boy, is twelve years old.
在把带有定语从句的英语句子翻译成汉语时，要充分考虑汉语的表达习惯，有时要进行谓语化或定语化翻译，有时要进行状语化翻译，把较长的英语句子翻译成几个汉语句子，并能体现他们之间因果、让步、并列等的关系；而在进行汉译英时则要充分考虑英语的语法，避免汉语的负迁移。
能力检测：
1这是意大利东北部的一座小城镇，以建筑之美而著称。（which）（黄浦一模）
2无论你学什么，最要紧的不是考试成绩而是学习过程, 这是学生常忽视的。（which）（虹口一模）
3老师的赞赏给了我很大的鼓舞，这对一名学生而言非常宝贵。（which）（浦东新区二模）
4是药都有副作用，这是每个人都应该有的医学常识。 (which) （长宁嘉定二模）
课后巩故练习------上海模拟定语从句翻译专练：
句子
出处
建议分值
57.众所周知，在大雾中驾车是很危险的。（as）
As we all know / As is known to all, it is dangerous to drive in thick fog.
嘉定一模
4分
58.正如今天报纸上所报道的那样，我们必须直面自己身上存在的问题。(As)
As is reported in today’s newspaper, we must face the shortcomings we have directly.
奉贤一模
4分
60.这次旅行持续了两个多星期，这让我们感到疲惫不堪。 (which)
This trip lasted for over two weeks, which made all of us worn out.
静安一模
4分
61.我过生日时，他送给我一件漂亮的毛衣，那正是我想要的。（which）
He sent me a beautiful sweater for my birthday, which was what I wanted.
黄浦一模
4分
62.黑人当选总统，开创了美国政治的先河。（which）
A black man was/ has been elected president of the United States, which (has) created/ set/is a new record in the American politics.
A black man became/ has become president of the United States, which is the first time in the American politics.
浦东一模
4分
63.在过去的三十年里，中国人民以巨大的勇气、信心和创造力取得了了不起的成就，这令整个世界震惊。（…, which … ）
The Chinese people have made outstanding achievements with great courage, confidence and creativity in the past 30 years，which has shocked/astonished the whole world.
静安二模
5分
65.如果对此还有疑问，就请举手。 (who)
Those who still have doubts on this, please raise their hands.
奉贤二模
3分
66.人人都愿意和乐于助人、有幽默感的人交朋友。（who）
Everybody likes/ would like to make friends with a humorous person who is ready to help others.
Everyone enjoy making friends with those who have a sense of humor and are ready to help others.
浦东二模
4分
67.任何热爱祖国的人都会想着他能为他的国家做些什么。 (who)
Anyone who loves his/her/their motherland /country will consider/think about what he/she /they can do for his/her/their country.
Those who love his/her/their motherland/ country will consider/think about what he/she /they can do for his/her/their country.
嘉定二模
4分
68.他最近忙于找工作，结果没有通过期末考试，这让他的老师很生气。(which)
He was so busy (in) looking for a job these days that he failed to pass the final exam, which annoyed his teacher.
黄埔一模
4分
69.我和他志同道合，而且年龄和家庭背景相似，我想这就是为什么我们成为好朋友的原因。(which)
He and I have a common goal/ have similar ideals and beliefs/ share the same views and are similar in age and family background, which I think is the reason why we have become good friends.
浦东一模
5分
70.孩子们从小就不得不在学业上竞争，这就给他们带来了日益增加的精神压力。(which)
Kids have to compete academically (in study/ studying / school work / schooling) when they are very young, which brings them an increasing mental pressure.
长宁一模
5分
学法升华
一 知识收获：帮孩子梳理一下，本节课所学知识点，原则上让孩子自己回顾，老师在旁边提醒引导。
1 对不同句子成分的理解并能准确判断一些常见的句子成分
2 掌握了解定语从句引导词的用法，能够区分关系代词和关系副词的区别
3 区分that和which用法的区别和联系
二 方法总结：
1 类比法：理解各种句子成分的含义，对应了解怎样的词性充当对应的成分。
2 推理法：观察句子能够总结区分不同的句子成分及对句子进行主干提取。
3 树形结合法：能利用树形结合，更好地理解句子各成分。
三 技巧提炼：
1 定语从句之先行词带入法，判断句子成分。
2 树形结合理解句子成分
定语从句：
I remember I could not bear the thought of never hearing again the radio program for school children to(26) I listened every morning.(虹口区)
2.Students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students(37)________ classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.(虹口区）
3.One procedure 29___________helps many athletes is creating pictures in their mind. They are told to think of each move they must do. Some use more fanciful pictures. (黄埔区）
4.But scientists say having enough water in our bodies and not feeling thirsty could have a helpful effect on our brains. Drinking water may also reduce anxiety, ___29___ has a bad effect on exam performances.(浦东新区)
5.When we passed it and looked back, three pyramidal mountains on the opposite side of Lock Lomond ended the view, ____32_____ in certain kind of weather might be very grand. (长宁区）
6.The majority of those (35)__________ died today were children—beautiful little kids between the ages of 5 and 10 years old. They had their entire lives ahead of them—birthdays, graduations, weddings, kids of their own. (徐汇）
7.(Then it hit him—the scene was similar to the video (26)_________ he was shown during Disaster Management classes. (奉贤）
8.Even in countries (38) __________ don’t allow bargaining, you may find plentiful opportunities to save money. Many stores sell old items on clearance. Other offer discount cards to regular customers. (静安区）
9.The robot was given the tiresome task of cleaning up some spilt grain before it climbed on to a kitchen hotplate (34)_____ it destroyed itself, according to reports in Austria.(崇明区）
10.We know today, of course, that each of these ideas led to an incredibly successful product or service (32) has changed the way many of us live.(普陀区)
11.When people get very involved in a task that they have chosen, and which is well-defined and challenging, they experience "flow", a situation (40)_____they don't notice time passing.(普陀区)
12. Eating disorders are psychological illness defined by abnormal eating habits, (27) _________ may involve either insufficient or too much food intake to the damage of an individual’s physical and mental health.（普陀区）
13.It is not just the rising cost of living that is causing the delay. Many pointed to the fact that they are constantly having to provide for their grown-up children at an age (36)________ they assumed they should be financially independent.
14.Dogs are called "man's best friend." Now a study shows new reasons (25) ________ they really are our best pals. Researchers at UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California(杨浦区）
15. A couple had two little boys, (33) were excessively naughty. They were always getting into trouble and their parents knew that, if anything terrible occurred in their town, their sons were probably involved. (杨浦区)
I. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: Read the following passages and complete it with proper words or the proper form of given words.
(A)
An accident in a bicycle race in the United States eight years ago alerted James Chang to the importance of sports medicine. One of his riding companions (21)____________(injure)severely in the accident.
From then on Chang, 45, a Chinese-American who was born in Anhui province, began to make it his business to keep abreast of matters relating to physical safety and medical assistance, particularly in sport. So (22)____________ he took up marathon running two years ago he was shocked to see frequent injuries, many of them avoidable.
"I always heard people talking about people in marathons in China dying suddenly," he says, adding that one reason many of these deaths happen is (23)____________there is a lot of ignorance in China about what marathon running entails.
Many amateur runners in China who are highly competitive get carried away and run at a pace that is far in excess of (24)____________ they can expect their body to take, and even ignore clear signals such as pain, Chang says. Many marathon competitors in the US run not just for the prize money but for charity as well, he says.
As Chinese have placed more emphasis on leading healthy life-styles in recent years, marathon and other long-distance running (25)____________(become)a highly popular sport across the country.
More than 50 China Athletic Association-sanctioned urban marathons were held in the country last year, and 39 races(26)____________( involve) more than 750,000 runners were held the year before, says Wang Dawei, vice-chairman of the association.
Events in big cities can now attract as many as 20,000 runners each, and events in smaller cities (27)____________ attract between 5,000 and 10,000 runners.
"Marathon carries(28)____________ (high) risks of injury than other forms of sport," Hou says, adding that the key to avoiding injury is to strengthen the body through regular exercise and to be aware of one's own physical condition.
"Muscle discomfort is the body's way of telling you to stop and to do things at a moderate pace."
Although some chronic injuries are hard (29)____________ (avoid), even for highly experienced runners, cramp, fainting and shock can easily be prevented(30)____________ runners better understand the sport, he says.
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. travels B. interaction C. presidential D. disagreements E. released
F. patriotic G. scheduled H.humanity I. demonstrating J. encountered K. involving
STATE DEPARTMENT— U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry travels to South Asia on Saturday in a bid to promote economic 41 with India. Kerry and U.S. business leaders will attend a global investors summit initiated by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Kerry’s trip to India comes after Prime Minister Modi visited Washington, in September, and 42 trade and business investment with President Barack Obama. Kerry will use his visit to set up Obama’s trip to India later this month, said State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki. “They will be discussing the president’s upcoming trip as well as our economic relationship, our strategic relationship, our relationship on 43 like energy,” said Psaki.
Prime Minister Modi 44 on a platform of economic revival. As a result, the stakes are high for him at the investors’ summit, said South Asia analyst Michael Kugelman. “He won by a huge margin in the election to repair the country’s economy. And, it’s very risky for him because there are such high 45 from the public for him to do things quickly,” said Kugelman.
Kugelman said the prime minister will need to assure U.S. officials that India is 46 some of the problems that have made trade and investment difficult in the past. “It’s an open secret that for as much investment, as much foreign investment as there has been in India over the last decades, it is still 47 difficult to start businesses and to do things along those lines,” he said.
Despite past difficulties, which include bureaucratic red tape and 48 about patent protection, there are opportunities to improve U.S.-India trade ties, according to South Asia Center Deputy Director Bharath Gopalaswamy.
“I think defense is the biggest sector. That is the most disputable sector but, as well, a very big sector. Education is a key area in which investments in post-graduate education, collaborating with Indian universities, setting up Indian facilities, lab facilities in India are all to promote and support higher education and research opportunities. Those are some of the key areas that are 49 ,” said Gopalaswamy.
Gopalaswamy said the trade relationship between the U.S. and India is still in its “discovery” phase, with
50 for significant growth.
III. Reading Comprehension(共60分，41-55每题1分；56-66每题2分；67-70每题2分；section D summary 15分）
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
The famous American inventor Thomas Alva Edison once claimed that genius was one percent inspiration and ninety -nine percent perspiration(汗水). Now, it seems, there is scientific evidence to __41_ his claim. The idea that geniuses such as Shakespeare, Mozart, and Picasso possessed certain inborn talents is a false belief, according to a study by a British psychologist and his colleagues.
After examining outstanding performance in the arts and sports, these researchers concluded that __42__ is determined by opportunity, encouragement, training, motivation, self-confidence, and — most important of all — __43__. Even people who were not thought to be 44_ with any special talent could, after having received training, reach levels 45__ considered attainable (可获得的) only by gifted individuals. ‘Talent is a false belief, and it is time that people got rid of it,” they said.
This theory — a dramatic __46__ with traditional beliefs — has been __47__ by academics worldwide. In fact, studies of accomplished artists and mathematicians, and top tennis players and swimmers, have reported few early signs of __48_ in these people before any parental encouragement. No case has been found of anyone reaching the highest levels of achievement without __49__ himself or herself to thousands of hours of serious training. Even those who are believed to be exceptionally talented — whether in music, mathematics, chess, or sports — have needed lengthy periods of instruction and practice to achieve their highest level of success. ‘The persistent false belief that some people reach high levels of performance without spending numerous hours practising __50__ much to the fact that their practice is usually outside the casual observer’s view,’ stated one scientist.
The importance of practice has been noticed in athletics. For instance, differences in the composition of certain muscles were once thought to be _51__ predictors of athletic performance. However, the differences in the proportion of certain muscle fibers(组织) that are __52__ for success in long -distance running are largely the result of extended practice in running.
‘What makes a genius then?’ one may ask. __53__, there is no clear answer. What is known, however, is that ‘nurture’ is at least as important as ‘nature.’ __54__, a supportive environment will do far more for a child’s prospects of success than any inborn gifts. This is a message that most of us will find __55_ — even if we haven’t won the gene lottery, our fate is still in our own hands.
41. A. make B. challenge C. support D. dismiss
42. A. excellence B. harmony C. negotiation D. response
43. A. education B. practice C. fortune D. character
44. A. satisfied B. concerned C. decorated D. gifted
45. A. preciously B. practically C. previously D. primarily
46. A. break B. association C. partnership D. relief
47. A. doubted B. concluded C. mentioned D. applauded
48. A. accomplishment B. treasure C. diligence D. inspiration
49. A. adapting B. attaching C. linking D. devoting
50. A. carries B. leaves C. owes D. connects
51. A. creative B. reliable C. natural D. active
52. A. essential B. suitable C. possible D. feasible
53. A. Unlikely B. Similarly C. Hopefully D. Unfortunately
54. A. To sum up B. In other words C. For example D. In addition
55. A. misleading B. puzzling C. comforting D. amusing
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Which tablet computer should YOU be buying: They are this year's must have... and there's a style to suit everyone？
Best for young children
LeapPad Explorer 2, £68
Aimed at children between three and nine (though a nine-year-old might find it a little simple), it comes in pink or blue and with five built-in education games (you can buy more). Besides, the LeapPad does not allow access to the internet — so it is impossible for your child to stumble across anything inappropriate.
Pros: The education games are well-designed, the built-in video camera is a fun way to play at being a film director.
Cons: Some of the games are shockingly expensive. And the power adaptor is not included.
Best for teenagers
iPad 4th generation, £399-£659
The iPad is still the market leader, and for good reason. If the teenager in your house enjoys playing computer games, the latest offering from Apple is the one to choose.
Pros: No other tablet can compete with the near one million ‘apps’ (the name Apple created for specially-designed downloadable programs) available for the iPad. Simple to use, even for those who usually struggle with technology.
Cons: Considerably more expensive than most competitors.
Best for working parents
Microsoft Surface, £399-£559
Tablets are brilliant for leisure — but what if you want to do a bit of work? No tablet can yet compete with a full-size laptop computer, but this is the only tablet that allows you to use Microsoft Word, Excel and Powerpoint (they are all pre-installed and included in the price) and you can buy a pretty lovely mini- keyboard for typing letters and emails, which also doubles up as the cover.
Pros: The Surface is good for watching movies — a bonus when stuck in the airport on a business trip — and surfing the internet.
Con: The keyboard is an expensive add-on — costing up to £109. It might be cheaper to buy a laptop (though a tablet is much smaller and lighter).
Best for bookworms
Amazon Kindle Paperwhite, £109
Nearly all tablets let you download books. It's a great way to take a mountainous pile of hardbacks on holiday without stuffing your suitcase.
But most tablets have a shiny screen — which can be very distracting when you're trying to read. The Paperwhite is different: its matt screen and crisp black lettering imitate the look of words on paper brilliantly. And yet you can still read the words in the dark.
Pros: Easy on the eye, excellent battery life, 180,000 free books (if you subscribe to the Amazon Prime customer loyalty service) plus hundreds of thousands more to buy.
Cons: No TV, films, games, internet or camera.
56. The underlined phrase ‘stumble across’ most probably means ‘___________’.
A. meet with B. quarrel with C. compare with D. compete with
57. Which of the following about Surface is NOT TRUE?
A. The keyboard will add to the cost.
B. The keyboard can serve as a cover.
C. You have to pay extra to install Microsoft Word.
D. You can watch movies or surf the Internet with it.
58. If you are a game lover, which tablet is least likely to be your choice?
A. LeapPad Explorer 2. B. iPad 4th generation.
C. Microsoft Surface. D. Amazon Kindle Paperwhite.
(B)
Although websites such as Facebook and MySpace experienced rapid growth during the middle of the first decade of the 21st century, some users remain unaware of the fact that the information they post online can come back to haunt them. First, employers can monitor employees who maintain a blog, photo diary, or website. Employers can look for controversial(引起争议的) employee opinions, sensitive information disclosures, or wildly inappropriate conduct. For example, a North Carolina newspaper fired one of its features writers after she created a blog on which she wrote about the strange things of her job and coworkers without signing her real name.
The second unintended use of information from social networking websites is employers who check on prospective employees. A June 11, 2006 New York Times article reported that many companies use search engines and social networking websites such as MySpace, Xanga, and Facebook to conduct background checks on college campuses. Although the use of MySpace or Google to check a student’s background is somewhat unsettling to many undergraduates, the Times noted that the use of Facebook is especially shocking to students who believe that Facebook is limited to current students and recent alum(校友).
Corporate employers are not the only people interested in college students’ lives. The third unintended use of social networking websites is college administrators who monitor the Internet — especially Facebook — for student bad behavior. For example, a college in Boston’s Back Bay expelled (除名) its student Government Association President for joining a Facebook group highly critical of a campus police sergeant. In addition, fifteen students at a state university in North Carolina faced charges in court for underage drinking because of photos that appeared on Facebook.
Although more users of websites such as Facebook are becoming aware of the potential dangers of online identities, many regular users still fail to take there basic security precautions(警惕). First, only make your information available to a specific list of individuals whom you approve. Second , regularly search for potentially harmful information about yourself that may have been posted by mistake or by a disgruntled
(不满的)former associate. Thrid, never post obviously offensive material will likely make its way to the wider world. By taking these simple steps, members of the digital world can realize the many benefits of e-community without experiencing some of the damaging unintended consequences.
59 :The main purpose of the passage is to _____.
A．explain the growth of the digital world from the view of privacy
B．discuss the risks of the digital world and suggest ways to protect yourself
C．propose steps Facebook, MySpace and Google can take to protect user privacy
D．illustrate(说明) potential unintended uses of private information
60:The writer implies that users should take all of the following actions to protect their online privacy EXCEPT _____.
A．know to whom you make your online information available
B．avoid uploading information that would be extremely damaging if it were discovered
C．carefully select and limit who can view your electronic profile
D．Speak with employers to inform them of any misinformation published about you
61:which of the following best describes the relationship between the last paragraph and the other paragraphs?
A．It offers detailed examples to support previous points of view..
B．It summarizes the points of view in the previous paragraphs.
C．It provides suggestions to solve the previously mentioned problems.
D．It offers evidence to make the previous points of view clearer..
62 According to the passage, which of the following does the writer imply _____.
A．Information obtained unwillingly from the Internet is permissible in court.
B．It is impossible to protect yourself from unintended uses of information online.
C．Even if you restrict who can view your data, the government may still access it.
D．Done properly, posting offensive information about oneself causes no risk.
(C)
Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.
He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions , professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
"Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there' s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done, " wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority, this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient : "How come nobody thought of that before?"
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the av erage person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
63. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph?
A． A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.
B． A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.
C． A person who has had no education.
D． An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.
64 . According to the author , what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?
A． The variety of ideas they have.
B． The intelligence they possess.
C． The way they deal with problems.
D． The way they present their findings.
65. The phrase "march to a different drummer" (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are__.
A． diligent in pursuing their goals
B． reluctant to follow common ways of doing things
C． devoted to the progress of science
D． concemed about the advance of society
66. The most suitable title for this passage might be_________.
A．The relation between creation and diligence
B．To be a creative expert in the study of human creativity
C．What are so special about creative individuals
D．Discoveries and innovation
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage and fill in each blank with the sentence that best fits the context. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
A. This means that it’s not tat math itself hurts.; rather, he anticipation of math is painful
B. Researchers have developed a mind-reading device that can retrieve images from the person’s memory with the help of brain scans.
C. For most students, math can be tough but scientists have proved that math problems can actually trigger physical pain.
D. Using a brain-scan machine, scientists noticed that whenever people from Group One saw a yellow circle, their brain would respond in a way similar to when their body is feeling pain.
E. The higher a person’s anxiety of a maths task, the more he activated brain regions associated with threat detection, and the experience of pain.
F. Most students, especially girls, are extremely scared of math.
Does solving a math problem give you a headache? Do you feel nervous when you sit a math exam?___________________67______________________________________________________________________
Scientists came to his conclusion with an in-depth experiment, which was published in the Public Library of Science One journal. They began by finding out how much participants fear math. Those involved were asked a series of questions such as how they feel when they receive a math textbook or when they walk into a math lesson.
Based on their answers, participants were divided into groups. One group was made up of people? who? were particularly afraid of? math? and participants? in? the other? group were? more comfortable with the subject.
Both groups were then given either math tasks or word tasks. When a math task was going to come next, a yellow circle would appear but when a word task was soon to come, a blue square would be shown.
________________________________________68____________________________________________________ It was like the pain they would fee, for example, if they burnt their hand on a hot stove. But they reacted less strongly when they knew that they would be faced with a word task.
However, scientists saw no strong brain response from people in the second group.
Math can be difficult, and for those with high levels of mathematics-anxiety (HMA), math is associated with tension, apprehension and fear. “When you are really thinking about the math problems, your mind is racing and you are worrying about all the things that could go wrong,” explained Ian Lyons from University of Chicago, US, leader of the study. ________________________________69_______________________________
More interestingly, the brain activity disappeared when participants actually started dealing with the math tasks. __________________________70_________________________________________ Lyons said.
Based on the study, scientists suggested that things could be done to help students worry less and move past their fear of math, which might mean they perform better in tests.
Section D
Directions: Read the following passage and write a summary of about 50-60 words.
A new study of 8,000 young people in the Journal of Health and Social Behavior shows that
although love can make adults live healthily and happily, it is a bad thing for young people. Puppy
love(早恋) may bring stress for young people and can lead to depression(忧郁症). The study shows
that girls become more depressed than boys, and younger girls are the worst of all.
The possible reason for the connection between love and higher risk of depression for girls is "loss
of self". According to the study, even though boys would say "lose themselves in a romantic
relationship", this "loss of self" is much more likely to lead to depression when it happens to girls. Young
girls who have romantic relationships usually like hiding their feelings and opinions. They won't tell that to
their parents.
Dr. Marianm Kaufman, an expert on young people problems, says 15% to 20% young people will
have depression during their growing. Trying romance often causes the depression.
She advises kids not to jump into romance too early. During growing up, it is important for young
people to build strong friendships and a strong sense of self. She also suggests the parents should
encourage their kids to keep close to their friends, attend more interesting school activities and spend
enough time with family.
Parents should watch for signs of depression—eating or mood changes—and if they see signs from
their daughter or son, they need to give help. The good news is that the connection between romance
and depression seems to become weak with age. Love will always make us feel young, but only maturity(成熟) gives us a chance to avoid its bad side effects.
IV. Translation （第一句3分，其余每句4分，共15分）
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1. 对自己有信心是获取成功的第一步。（confidence）
2. 毫无疑问，参加各种国际交流项目会使学生们获益匪浅。(There)
3. 这些建设工程旨在降低人们的生活成本，并改善他们的生活条件。 (intend)
4. 这么寒冷的天气里他还坚持在河里游泳，这使我不得不钦佩他的勇气和毅力。(can’t help)
VV. Guided Writing
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
志 愿 者 招 募
爱共线(Share Love)是由民间发起的爱心公益组织，主要致力于贫困地区儿童相关
的援助项目。
我们期待你的加入！
岗位1：网页编辑（webpage editor）
岗位2：影像制作（cameraman）
岗位3：论坛管理员（forum administrator）
岗位4：活动组织（event organizer）
有意者请来信告知：
1) 你个人的基本情况；
2) 你所申请的岗位和申请的理由；
二、定语从句练习题
1. Mozart’s birthplace and the house ____ he composed The Magic Flute are both museums mow.
2. The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of ___ were made of small diamonds.
3. His movie won several awards at the film festival, _____ was beyond his wildest dreams.
4. There was a time in China in the 1960s ____ young people liked wearing army uniforms.
5. I work in a business ____ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
6. ___ is known to all, smoking contributes to lung cancer. But still cigarettes are sold in large quantities every day.
7. Sports are looked upon as the most popular form of relaxation ____ everybody can enjoy.
8. I refuse to accept the blame for something ___ was someone else’s fault.
9. She told us about her bitter past, ___ moved many of us to tears.
10. We have two spare rooms downstairs, neither of ____ has been used for more than two months.
11. All the neighbors admire this family, _____ the parents are treating their child like a friend.
12. Wind power is an ancient source of energy ____ _____ we may return in the near future.
13. The Science Museum, ___ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.
14. Nobody knows the exact number of people and cattle ____ were drowned in the flood.
15. EBay, Amazon and Wal-Mart are popular websites ____ people can sell goods to each other.
16. ___ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.
17. You can find whatever you need at the shopping center, _____ is always busy at the weekend.
18. There wasn’t much _____ I could do in the kitchen, ____ made my mother annoyed.
19. He is now working day and night simply for one day ____ ____ he can enjoy the wealth and comfort he has earned today.
20. The annual report, copies of ____ have been circulated, will be discussed later.
21. Have you seen the film Save Private Ryan, ______ director is famous throughout the world?
22. – Do you have anything to say for yourself?
-- Yes, there’s one point ___ we must insist on.
23. He made another discovery, _____ I think is of great importance to science.
24. We shouldn’t spend our money testing so many people, most of _____ are healthy.
25. I have bought the same watch _____ is being advertised on TV. ;
26. Most people have dreams_______ _______ they’re being pursued and unable to run..
27. Carol said the work would be done by October, _____ personally I doubt very much.
28 The composer ______ _____ the teenagers are familiar has contributed all his life to music.
29. The reason_______ I’m writing is to tell you about a party on Saturday.
30. The e-book is no bigger than a pocket radio, with a screen_______ you can read.
31. ______ many of you are old enough to remember, the Beatles came from Liverpool.
32. I disapprove of the way_______ _______ you treat your fellow workers..
33. Is this magazine______ ______Han Han, a famous post-80s writer, edits?
34. Linda was very patient with the children, ________which her colleagues seldom were.
35. Gun control is a subject about_______Americans have argued for a long time.
36. The thought of going back home was all______ kept him happy while he was working abroad.
37. Jane is back in May, by _______the new house should be finished.
38. Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, _______ where used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.
39. A person ________ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails..
40 .---What do you think of teaching, Bob?
---I find it fun and challenging.It is a job ______ you are doing something serious but interesting.
41. Brazil was knocked out of the World Cup in the quarterfinal, _______most football fans hadn’t expected.
42. It is reported that that two schools, both of ______ are being built in my hometown, will open next year.
43. There are currently few instances ______ that people are directly exposed to the new materials.
44. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go traveling, _______turned out to be a wise decision.
45. I will never forget the days_____we spent furthering our studies in Canada.
46. As______is generally accepted,water resources will become a problem of the most importance in the new century.
47. Samuel survived when the car ______he was a passenger in turned off the road and hit a tree.
48 I hope that man and animals will have as good as a relationship_______is shown in the movie.
49 We are living in an age ______many things are done on computer.
50. Not far from the club there is a garden, _______owner sits in it playing bridge with his children every afternoon..
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